Objective To discuss effects of anti-inflammatory mechanism of amygdalin on rats with type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods Wistar rats were randomized into normal group, model group, amygdalin group, and tripterygium group. Type II CIA rat models were established. From the 15th day after the modeling establishment, each administration group was given corresponding dose of medicine for continuous 28 days. Levels of TNF-αand sICAM-1 were detected by ELISA in serum of rats, and expression of TNF-α was detected by immuno-histochemical method. Results TNF-α positive expression in amygdalin group and tripterygium group was similar and significantly reduced compared with model group. Levels TNF-α and sICAM-1 in amygdalin group and tripterygium group significantly decreased compared with those in model group (P<0.05), without significant difference compared with normal group (P>0.05). Conclusion Amygdalin can inhibit the expression of TNF-α and levels of TNF-α and sICAM-1, in order to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE To characterize clinical feature,frequency of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with healthcare-associated bacterial meningitis(HABM).METHODS We review the charts of all patients in whom the diagnosis was based on(national) diagnostic criteria of healthcare-(associated) infections at Huashan Hospital from 1995 through 2004.The pathogens were routinely isolated,(identified) and susceptibilities against antimicrobial agents were determined by Kirby-Bauer methods.RESULTS During the 10-year study period,109 patients were treated for 120 episodes of HABM.Most of patients had a(history) of recent and remote neurosurgery.Fever was present in all patients,while nuchal rigidity and decrease consciousness were present in less than half of all patients.CSF opening(pressure,) white blood cell count and(protein) were elevated with predominance of neutrophils.A total of 120 strains were isolated from CSF specimen,Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacilli were accounted for 35.8% and(64.2%) of all isolates,respectively.Acinetobacter spp(24.2%),coagulase-negative staphylococci(22.5%),Klebsiella pneumoniae(12.5%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(10%),Enterobacter cloacae(8.3%) and Staphylococcus aureas(7.5%) were the 6 most frequent isolates and resistance to the first line antibiotics was common among all pathogens isolated.(CONCLUSIONS) The most common risk factor for HABM is neurosurgery.Gram-negative bacilli and staphylococci are important causes of HABM,resistance to the first line antibiotics is common among all pathogens isolated.

20 antimicrobial agents were determined by Kirby-Bauer methods by the participating institutions.RESULTS A total of 428 strains were isolated,Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli accounted for 49.8% and 50.2%,respectively.The Gram-positive bacteria increased from 44.6% to 51.2% from 1995-1996 through 2003-2004 and Gram negative bacteria decreased from 55.4% to 48.2% in the meantime.The most frequent Gram-positive isolates were coagulase negative staphylococci,Staphylococcus aureus,Enterococcus spp and Streptococcus pneumoniae;the most frequent Gram-negative isolates were Acinetobacter spp,Klebsiella spp,Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp;Neisseria meningitidis,Haemophilus influenzae,Flavobacterium spp and Citrobacter spp were relative less common.No strains resistant to vancomycin were found in staphylococci and enterococci.Gram-negative bacilli were highly susceptible to carbapenem.CONCLUSIONS Gram-positive cocci play an increasing role in central nervous sysytem infections,especilly coagulase negative staphylococci,and Gram-positive cocci have been increasing from 1995-1996 through 2003-2004,resistance to the first line antibiotics is common among all cerebrospinal fluids isolates.

Objective To observe the effect of Danzhi Jiangtang Capsules(DJC) on serum interleukin-18 (IL-18),cystatin C (CysC) and relative biochemical indexes in patients with early diabetic kidney disease(DKD),and to explore its protective action on the kidney.Methods Sixty-two hospitalized patients with early diabetic nephropathy (period 11-Ⅲ) in Endocrinology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were divided into western medicine group and DJC group,31 cases in each group.The patients in western medicine group received conventional hypoglycemic drugs,and DJC group received DJC based on the treatment for the western medicine group.Before and after treatment,we observed the levels of serum IL-18,CysC,fasting plasma glucose (FPG),2-hour postprandial glucose (2hPG),glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c),serum creatinine (SCr),blood urea nitrogen (BUN),microalbumin (mAlb),urinary albumin /creatinine ratio (UACR),and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).Results The total effective rate was 90.0％ in DJC group and 76.7％ in the western medicine group,there being significant difference between the two groups(P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,the main traditional Chinese medical syndrome scores of DJC group were significantly lower than those before treatment,and the improvement was better than that of the western medicine group (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).After treatment,the serum levels of IL-18,CysC,2hPG,SCr,BUN,mAlb,UACR in the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01),while eGFR level was higher than that before treatment (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01),and the improvement effect (except for BUN) in the DJC group was superior to that in the western medicine group(P ＜ 0.01).DJC had an effect on lowering the FPG and HbA1c (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01 compared with those before treatment),and the western medicine had no obvious effect on the two indexes (P ＞ 0.05).The results of Spearman correlation analysis showed that IL-18 was correlated with CysC,IL-18 and CysC were correlated with HbA1c,mALB and uACR.Conclusion DJC can protect renal function of patients with early diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To investigate the different concentrations of progesterone on the expression of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10),long form leptin receptor (Ob-R) and the secretion of soluble leptin receptor (SLR),leptin (LEP) in primary pregnancy human chorionic trophoblast cells. Methods Cultured primary human trophoblast cells and added in different concentrations of progesterone (0,100,150 and 200 ng/mL) for 24 hours. The relative expression of ADAM10 and Ob-R in the cells and the content of SLR and LEP in the supernatant were detected. Results With increasing concentrations of progesterone,early human trophoblast cells ADAM10 content gradual-ly decreased,the difference between the two groups was significant (P<0. 05). With increasing concentrations of progesterone,human chori-onic trophoblast cells in early pregnancy Ob-R expression levels increased, the difference was no statistically significant between each two groups (P>0. 05). SLR content of the cell supernatants as the concentration of progesterone increased and decreased,there are significant differences between each two groups (P>0. 05). LEP cell supernatant in each group with the increase of the concentration of progesterone concentration increased gradually between the two groups were significantly different(P>0. 05). Pearson’s test showed that the expression of expression SLR and LEP exists a significant negative correlation (R= -0. 949,P<0. 01). Conclusion Progesterone may influence the ex-pression of ADAM10,SLR and LEP by the regulation of leptin to participate GDM occurs.

Objective: To explore influence of sleep deprivation (SDP) on serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) level in rats with coronary atherosclerosis (CAS). Methods: A total of 96 healthy SD rats were randomly and equally divided into normal control group, CAS group, SDP group and SDP + CAS group according to number table; rats in CAS group and SDP + CAS group were fed with high cholesterol diet to establish CAS animal model; SDP group and SDP + CAS group received SDP through small platform with water environment. Radioimmunoassay was used to measure serum concentration of IL-1β; and serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured respectively; above indexes were compared among four groups. Results: (1) Compared with serum IL-1β level of normal control group, there were significant increase in SDP group, CAS group and SDP + CAS group[(13.33±3.20) ng/L vs. (14.40±4.41) ng/L vs. (22.21±5.94) ng/L vs. (30.17±7.45) ng/L] (P<0.05～<0.01); (2) Levels of TC, TG and LDL-C in CAS group and SDP + CAS group were significantly higher, level of HDL were significantly less than those of normal control group and SDP group (P<0.05～<0.01), levels of above indexes in SDP + CAS group were significantly higher or less than those of CAS group (P<0.05 all). Conclusion: Sleep deprivation can significantly heighten serum interleukin-1β level and total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, decrease HDL level in rats with coronary atherosclerosis or sleep deprivation.

Objective To characterize clinical feature, frequency of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens isolated from patients with nosocomial bloodstream infections in Huashan Hospital, Fudan University from 1995 to 2004. Methods The clinical data of all patients who were diagnosed with nosocomial bloodstream infections based on national diagnostic criteria of nosocomial bloodstream infections were retrospectively analyzed. The pathogens were routinely isolated and identified. Susceptibilities against antimicrobial agents were determined by Kirby-Bauer methods and analyzed by WHONET 5.0 software. Results During the 10-year study period, a total of 395 patients were diagnosed with nosocomid bloodstream infection with 435 strains isolated from blood specimen.Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacilli and fungi, accounted for 47.4%, 45.1 % and 7.6%,respectively. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (21.4%), S. aures (17.9%), E.coli (13.6%), K. pneumoniae (10.8%), Candidaspp (7.4%), Enterococci (6.0%), Pseudomonasspp (6.0%) and Acinetobacter spp (3.7%) were frequently identified isolates. S. aures and coagulase-negative Staphylococci resistant to methicillin were 62.8% and 87.1%, respectively. The susceptibilities of cefotaxime and ceftazidime against E. coli and K. preumonine were 46%-78% and 27.7%-40.4%, respectively. Conclusions The Gram positive cocci are slightly more prevalent than Gram negative bacilli in nosocomial bloodstream infections and resistance to the first line antibiotics is common among all pathogens isolated. Candida spp is the fifth leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections.

Objective To explore the optimal HbAlc diagnostic cutpoint in different glucose tolerance populations in the plateau region.Methods (1) 472 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and highrisk groups accepting diabetes screening in the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College (217 males and 255 females,≥20 years old,median age 54 years old) were collected,oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and HbAlc were tested.(2) the research subjects were divided into normal glucose adjustment group (NGT),Impaired fasting glucose group (IFG) and (or) Impaired glucose tolerance IGT group and diabetes mellitus (DM) group.The receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) was explored to determine the optimal HbA1c diagnostic cut point for IFG,IGT and DM status respectively.Results The average HbA1 c values of NGT,IFG and (or) IGT,DM groups were (6.06 ± 0.11) ％,(6.63 ± 0.11) ％,(8.70 ± 2.08)％ respectively,for IFG and IGT groups,the optimal HbA1c diagnostic cut points were 6.7％ and 6.6％,respectively; If use either FBG or 2 h PG to diagnose DM,the corresponding optimal HbA1 c diagnostic cut point was 7.1％ ; If use anyone of FBG or 2hPG to diagnose DM,the corresponding optimal HbA1c diagnostic cut point was 7.0％ ; If both FBG and 2hPG were used to diagnose DM,the corresponding optimal HbA1 c diagnostic cut point was 7.1％.Conclusion Preliminarily confirm the optimal HbA1c diagnostic cut point in different glucose tolerance populations in the plateau region of Kunming,and provide the evidence for further clinical application of HbA1c.

Objective To investigate the molecular characteristic,the virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from pediatric patients.Methods Ninety-eight non-duplicate strains of and 49 non-duplicate strains of Methicillinsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolated from the three children's hospitals in Shanghai in 2008 were investigated.Panton-valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).The genotypes of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) of the MRSA isolates were confirmed by multiplex PCR.The sequence type (ST) of each strain was determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST),and the algorithm eBURST was used to identify groups of clonal complex (CC).The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of fourteen antibiotics for all isolates were determined by agar dilution method.Results Among 98 isolates of MRSA,the positive rate of PVL genes was 6.1％ (6/98).In contrast,the positive rate of PVL genes was 4.1％ (2/48) of the MSSA strains.Among 98 isolates of MRSA,4.1％ (4/98),23.5％ (23/98),53.0％ (52/98) and 15.3％ (15/98) of the strains harboured SCCmec types Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ and Ⅴ,respectively. The remaining four isolates (4.1 ％) presented a unique SCCmec pattern that could not be classified to any known types by the employed typing assays.Combining the ST and SCCmec type,the predominant clones were ST59-SCCmec Ⅳ (30 strains) and ST239-SCCmec Ⅲ (23 strains),followed by ST5-SCCmecⅣ and ST1-SCCmecⅣ (8 strains for each clone),ST239-SCCmec Ⅴ (6 strains),ST88-SCCmecⅤ (5 strains),ST5 SCCmecⅡ (4 strains),ST59-SCCmec Ⅴ (3 strains),ST8-SCCmecⅣ and ST88-SCCmecⅣ (2 strains for each clone),ST22-SCCmecⅣ,ST910-SCCmecⅣ and S45-SCCmec Ⅴ (1 strain for each clone),eBURST analysis distributed the MRSA isolates into several CC.ST8 and ST239 belonged to ST8 CC,ST1 belonged to ST15 CC,ST910 belonged to ST 30 CC,ST59,ST5,ST88,ST45,ST22,ST9 and ST7 were the origin of their own CC.The results of MIC showed that the 67 strains of MRSA harboring SCCmec type Ⅳ or SCCmec type Ⅴ were more susceptible to various non-β-lactam antibiotics than 27 strains of MRSA harboring SCCmec type Ⅱ or SCCmec type Ⅲ,and no vancomycin-resistant strain was found.Conclusions In three children's hospitals in Shanghai,the PVL gene-positive rate of MRSA isolates is relatively low,SCCmec type Ⅳ and SCCmec type Ⅴ could spread among hospitals to cause a small scale epidemic and have a variety of ST.

BACKGROUND:The majority of rheumatoid arthritis treatment is chronic anti-arthritis drugs, biological agents and plant drugs. Among them, plant drugs have been widely concerned due to low cost and few adverse effects. OBJECTIVE:To observe the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) in the
synovium of col agen-induced arthritis rats, and explore the effect of Aconitum leucostomum Worosch. on the expression.
METHODS:Forty-five rats were randomly divided into normal control group (8 rats) and model group (37 rats). The col agen-induced arthritis model was established with the injection of type II bovine col agen into the end of the tail and paws. After the success of modeling, the 24 successful model rats were randomly selected and divided into model group (8 rats), Tripterygium wolfprdi polyglycoside group (8 rats) and Aconitum leucostomum Worosch. group (8 rats). The arthritis index of the rats in the three intervention groups and one control group were evaluated weekly. After treated by intragastric administration for 4 weeks (Tripterygium wolfprdi polyglycoside group and Aconitum leucostomum Worosch. group were taken by the corresponding drug solution, model group and normal control group were taken by the same volume of physiological saline), the expressions of TNF-αand IL-1βin the synovium were tested by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the model group, the arthritis index of mice in Tripterygium wolfprdi polyglycoside group and Aconitum leucostomum Worosch. group was decreased significantly after treatment (P<0.05). The expression levels of TNF-αand IL-1βin the synovium of model group were significantly higher than those of the normal control group (P<0.05). After treatment with Aconitum leucostomum Worosch. and Tripterygium wolfprdi polyglycoside, the expression levels of TNF-αand IL-1βin the synovium was decreased compared with the model group (P<0.05). Experimental findings indicated that, the mechanism that Aconitum leucostomum Worosch. treats rheumatoid arthritis is related to the inhibition of TNF-αand IL-1β.