γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain. However, electrophysiological findings indicate that GABA exerts excitation in dendrites of mature eorlieal neurons. Little is known about morphological basis of GABA-medi-ated excitation in dendrites of mature cortical neurons. The effect of activated GABAA receptors is mainly determined by intraceUular chloride ion, whose active influx is mainly mediated by Na+-K +-Cl- cotransporter isoform 1 (NKCC1) and exclusion is mainly executed by K+-Cl- cotransporter isoform 2 ( KCC2 ). In the present study, by using immunofluorescent double staining and fluorescent density analysis, the expression and distribution of NKCCI- and KCC2-immunoreactivities in the dendrite and soma of adult rat neocortical neurons were detected in vivo and in vitro. The present results showed that both cytoplasm and membrane of neuronal soma and dendrite expressed NKCC1, while KCC2 only expressed in membrane of soma and dendrite. The results also indicated that the dendrites rather than the somata of neurons expressed more NKCC1 in adult rat neocortex, while the level of KCC2 expression in the dendrite membrane was similar to that in the membrane of somata. The similar expression pattern of NKCC1 and KCC2 in the dendrites and the somata was also observed in neocortical neurons cultured for 20 days in vitro. The present results suggest that the more NKCC1 expreasion in dendrites may contribute to GABA-mediated excitation in neuronal dendrites of adult neocortex neurons.

BACKGROUND:There are neuronal precursors in subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult rat. The precursors migrate to olfactory bulb along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) and differentiate into local interneurons of olfactory bulb. But whether cutting the RMS would affect the migration of subventricular precursors is unknown.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of cutting the olfactory peduncle on migration of subventricular zone cells in adult rat.DESIGN: Randomized controlled experiment.SETTING: College of Life Sciences, Univesity of Science and Technology of China; Staff Room of Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical College MATERIALS: The experiment was conducted in the Animal Experimental Center , Xuzhou Medical College from September 1997 to January 1999.Totally 25 male adult SD rats were recruited and randomly divided into olfactory peduncle-cutting 30 days group (n=10) and olfactory peduncle-cutting 60 days group(n=15, in which 5 rats were used for immonohisto chemistry).METHODS: 30 days and 60 days after being cutting olfactory peduncle,the rats were put to death by perfusion for fixation. Consecutive paraffin sections of brain were made. Cellular density and cross section area of RMS were measured. Quantitative analysis of cells in the RMS was performed with immunohistochemical method.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The cellular density and cross section area of RMS, the expression of polysialylated neuronal cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM)RESULTS: Totally 25 SD rats were recruited. Died for operation and been failure for cutting the olfactory peduncle, so altogether 13 rats used for analysis, 5 rats in 30days group and 8 rats in 60 days group (among that, 3 used for immunohistochemistry). ① Morphologyand quantitative change of RMS after cutting olfactory peduncle: The Nissl stained RMS cells were distinguished from adjacent tissue by the characterization of darken stained and dense distribution. There is little condensed nuclear or fragment nuclear. Cellular density at the operation side in the olfactory peduncle -cutting 30 days group and olfactory peduncle -cutting 60 days group was higher than that in the control side (P ＜ 0.01). Relative cellular density of RMS at surgical plane of operation side in the olfactory peduncle -cutting 60 days group was higher than that in the olfactory peduncle -cutting 30 days group(P ＜ 0.01 ). The cross section area of operation side in the two groups was both larger than that of the control side (P ＜ 0.01). There was no difference of cross section area between olfactory peduncle -cutting 60 days group and olfactory peduncle -cutting 30days group (P ＞ 0.05). ②Immunohistochemical reaction of RMS after cutting alfactory peduncle operation: 60 days after cutting olfactory peduncle, the accumulated cells in RMS were positive to polysialylated neuronal cell adhesion molecule.CONCLUSION: Cutting the olfactory peduncle results in the accumulation of neuronal precursors of RMS and increases the differentiation of migrating neuronal precursors.

This paper introduced the scheme,form and measures of implementing problem-based learning in the teaching practice of human central nervous system anatomy.This paper discussed on the depth and scope of the issue,how to mobilize the enthusiasm of the students in the process of discussion,how to be conscious of curriculum knowledge system and logic in the teaching process,how to make students expose to clinical at early stage,how to provide corresponding assessment methods and other aspects of the practice in an aim to help peers to improve the teaching practice.

Objective To observe the effects of Chinese herbal medicine of Yiqi Huoxue (YQHX) on proliferation and expression of E-CD and invasion of human lung cancer cell lines - small cell lung cancer (NC-H446) in vitro. Methods By cell measured method, immunohistochemistry method, technique of image and Boyden Chamber method, the effects of YQHX or all trans-tretinoin acid (ARTA) on proliferation and expression of E-CD and invasion of NC-H446 cell lines with different time cultured by YQHX or ARTA in vitro were studied. Results The proliferation of NC-H446 were inhibited significantly by 5% YQHX or 10-5 mmol/L ARTA (P0.05). The shape and structure of cell NC-H446 was occurred variant. YQHX enhanced remarkably expression of E-CD of NC-H446 with 36 hour cultured (P 0.05). The quantity of NC-H446 cells crossed Matrigel and polyvinylpyrrolidone-free polycarbonate filter were more than the control group (P 0.05). Conclusion YQHX can inhibit the proliferation, enhance expression of E-CD on NC-H446, and decrease invasion and metastasis of NC-H446.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the effects of environmental factors (soil,climate,etc.) on the quality of Radix Polygalae.METHODS:The contents of polygalic acid were determined by HPLC.Climate factors including altitude,average annual temperature,average temperature of July,annual precipitation,annual sunshine hours and non-frost days were collected through on-site inspection or from the local meteorological data. Water content,pH and nutritional elements of the soils were determined by routine method,and the reletionship between the content of polygalic acid and the factors were analyzed.RESULTS:There was linear relationship between the content of polygalic acid and climate factors such as average temperature of July,annual precipitation,annual sunshine hours and non-frost days.There was also linear relationship between polygalic acid and soil factors such as total nitrogen,total phosphor,available phosphor,available kalium,organic matters and water content. CONCLUSION:The main climate factors that affect polygalic acid content were annual sunshine hours and non-frost days,while the main soil factors affecting the content of polygalic acid were the content of available phosphor and soil water content.

Objective　The cells of subventricular zone in lateral wall of lateral ventricle of adult rats were localized. Method　Immunohistochemistry. Results　Polysialylated neuronal cell adhesion molecule and phosphotyrosine immunoreactive cells were found in subventricular zone, and they have same distributions, however, no any parvalbulin immunoreactive cells were found in subventricular zone. Conclusion　neuronal precursor cells in subventricular and expression of phosphotyrosine are associated with proliferation of neuronal precursor cells in subventricular zone.

In order to investigate the chemical and morphornetrical properties of the neuronal precursor cells derived from thesubventricular zone(SVZ) of the postnatal rat forebrain in vitro. The cell-type specific antibodies were used for the immunocy-tochemical staining ,and the morphometric parameters which were the mean soma diameter and the ellipticity index (i. e. , thesmallest soma diameter divided by the largest soma diameter) of every SVZ-derived cell were measured for identifying the pheno-types of the SVZ cells in vitro. The experiment animals were SD rats (weights: 100～ 150 g), the SVZ cells derived from thepostnatal rats were cultured on poly-D-lysine-coated 24-well glass chamber slides in the Neurobasal Medium supplemented withB27 in 5% CO2 at 37 C. The following results were obtained.. At 1 day in vitro, almost all SVZ cells (〉90%) from the postna-tal rat forebrain expressed Tujl, an antibody that recognizes neuron-specific tubulin. Likewise, the preponderance of the SVZcells expressed the polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-N-CAM) ; The majority of the SVZ Tujl-positive cells cul-tured were the cells that had oval-shaped bodies with two short, unbranched processes protruded from every two poles, theirmean soma diameter were 8.42±1.03μm and their ellipticity index were 0.57±0.12. Meanwhile, there were approximately20% of the SVZ cells in culture that were sphere-shaped cells with mean soma diameter 7.20±l.04 μm , and it might be observed that these cells connected with one another. As the time in culture went on, these sphere-shaped SVZ-derived cells alsotransformed to oval-shaped ones as described above, but it could be observed that the cells were still connected in the processesof them. By 3 and 5 days in culture, the SVZ cells had larger cell somas (average diameter 9. 07±1.07 μm), and often consider-ably longer processes but still with few branches. Immunocytochemical staining revealed that the majority of the SVZ cells in cul-ture remained Tujl-positive, PSA-N-CAM-positive. By 7 days in culture, the Tujl-positive cells in culture showed remarkablemorphological changes, and possessed typical neuronal phenotypes, which had more larger cell somas (average diameter 12.8 ±1.13 μm), and had more longer, branched processes. Our results showed that the SVZ in the postnatal SD rats contained theneuronal precursor cells which were PSA-N-CAM-positive and could differentiate into new neurons in vitro.

BACKGROUND: It is now know that the clinical presentations of subcortical arterioselerotic encephalopathy(SAE) could be mainly manifested by hypertension,stroke and chronic developed dementia,but there are very a few explorations on its definite pathogenesis and earlier assessment.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation of CT classification of SAE with intellectual and neuropsycholohical disturbance,so as to explore the significance of CT classification of SAE to the assessment of SAE.DESIGN: Clinical case analysis based on patients.SETTING: A department of internal medicine in a military general hospital of Chinese PLA.PARTICIPANTS: From January 1999 to December 2002,totally 68 elders Guangzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA,included 65 males and 3 females,aged from 64 to 93 years old with the average age of(75. 8 ± 8. 1 )years old took part in the study.METHODS: Low-density focus around ventricle were observed with skull CT scanning and classified according to GOTO classification. Meanwhile the intellectual test and neuropsycholohical test were carried out,and the correlative analysis was conducted.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intellectual test,neuropsycholohical test,skull CT scanning,and analysis of correlation of CT classification with scores of intellectual test and neuropsycholohical test.RESULTS: Of 68 patients,91% (62/68) was proved to have different degree intellectual obstacle,100% was found to be vascular dementia; and low-density focus around ventricle were proved to be existed in all patients with skull CT scanning,GOTO classification indicated that type Ⅰ was found in 22 patients,type Ⅱ in 32 patients and type Ⅲ in 14 patients; skull CT classification was negatively correlated with the scores of intellectual test and positively correlated with scores of neuropsychiological test,with the correlative coefficient of -0. 83 and 0.75 respectively( P ＜ 0.01 ).CONCLUSION: GOTO classification of skull CT of SAE is related to intellectual obstacle and neuropsychiological disturbance in elder SAE.

Objective To understand the clinical characteristics of elderly patients aged 60 years and over in Anhui Province who receive maintenance hemodialysis (MHD).Methods Clinical data of MHD patients in hemodialysis centers of 26 hospitals in Anhui Province from March 31, 2014 to January 1, 2014 were collected.With non-elderly MHD patients (aged over 18 old and under 60) serving as controls, similarities and differences in the primary disease, vascular access, nutritional status, mineral and bone disorders (MBD), and other related aspects in MHD patients were compared.Results The top three original diseases for elderly patients were chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) (32.8 ％), hypertensive nephrosclerosis (HNS) (27.7 ％) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) (26.2％).The proportion of patients with DN and HNS in the elderly was higher than in the control group (P ＜ 0.001).Vascular access types in elderly MHD patients were arteriovenous fistula (AVF) (89.4 ％), tunneled cuffed catheter (TCC) (8.9 ％), and temporary venous catheter (1.3％).The proportion of patients with AVF was lower (P＜0.001) and the proportion of patients with TCC was higher (P＜0.001) in the elderly group than in the control group.The incidence of anemia was higher in the elderly patients than in the control group (P＜0.05);the proportion of elderly patients with hemoglobin (Hb) levels was 30.3％, in which had no significant difference as compared with the control group (P ＞ 0.05).The incidence of hypoalbuminemia was 21.2％ in elderly patients, which was higher than in the control group.The proportions of elderly MHD patients with normal levels of adjusted serum calcium, serum phosphorus, and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were 52.0％, 27.9％ (higher than in the control group, P＜0.001), and 47.9％, respectively, while there was no difference in adjusted serum calcium and iPTH between the two groups (P＞0.05).The treatment rates for low serum calcium,hyperphosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in elderly patients were 50.6％,51.6％ and 71.5％, respectively, which had no significant difference as compared with those in the control group (P＞0.05).Conclusions Elderly patients with MHD show distinct characteristics in primary diseases, vascular access types, and nutrition and MBD status, including higher proportions of HNS and DN as their primary diseases.The type of vascular access is still dominated by AVF, and the proportion of TCC is higher.The nutritional status is poor, with a lower incidence of high phosphorus and a higher incidence of low iPTH.Efforts should be made to promote compliance in elderly patients to better control MBD, improve nutritional status and increase safety and effectiveness of treatment.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of urine neutrophil gelatinase apolipoprotein (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) as markers of CIN,and the effectiveness of hydration therapy in the prevention of CIN.Methods One hundred and twenty patients were randomly divided into control group and treatment group.The patients of treatment group received hydration therapy through intravenous fluid infusion.Urine samples were taken for detecting the value of albumin (mAlb),NGAL,and KIM-1 before surgery (T0),after surgery 12 h (T1),24 h (T2),48 h (T3),72 h (T4) by ELISA assay.The levels of urinary mAlb,Scr,BUN and cystatin C were detected at the same time.Results (1) The urine NGAL/Cr and KIM-1/Cr significantly increased and were more than twice the baseline value at the time of 12 h after PCI in 87 of 120 cases of the participants.There are eight cases occurred CIN (6.67％) and one case occurred in hydration treatment group (1.7％),seven cases were in control group (11.7％).The difference was statistically significant.(2) There were no significant difference in BUN,Scr,mAlb/Cr,Cys-C and GFR between two gToUps (P ＞ 0.05).(3) NGAL/Cr,KIM-1/Cr were elevated at T1 in both groups (P ＜ 0.01).In hydration treatment group,levels of NGAL/Cr and KIM-1/Cr decreased substantially to the level of T0 at T4(P ＜ 0.01),while in the control group they didn't.(4) Area under the ROC curve (AUC) of NGAL/Cr and KIM-1/Cr 12 h after PCI were 0.931 [95％ CI (0.889,0.973)] and 0.811 [95％ CI(0.736,0.886)] respectively (all P＜0.05).Conclusions NGAL and KIM-1 are sensitive and specific indicators for predicting early renal injury induced by contrast medium and can be used for early diagnosis of CIN.Hydration therapy can prevent the contrast agent-induced renal damage.