Nine and 11 isolines of Anopheles argyropus and Anopheles pursati, respectively, were established from individual females collected from cow-baited traps, and the characteristics of metaphase chromosomes were investigated in their F1-progenies. As determined by the different amounts of extra heterochromatin on sex chromosomes, 2 types of X (X1, X2) and Y (Y1,Y2), and 2 types of X (X1, X2) and 3 types of Y (Y1, Y2, Y3) chromosomes were obtained from An. argyropus and An. pursati, respectively. These types of sex chromosomes comprised 2 [Forms A (X1, Y1) and B (X1, X2, Y2)] and 3 [Forms A (X1, X2, Y1), B (X1, X2, Y2) and C (X2, Y3)] karyotypic forms of An. argyropus and An. pursati, respectively. All karyotypic forms acquired from An. pursati are new one that were discovered in this study, of which Forms A, B and C were found generally in Chiang Mai Province, while only 1 isoline of Form B was obtained in Ratchaburi Province. Form A was recovered from An. argyropus only in Ubon Ratchathani Province, whereas Form B from that species was found commonly in both Ubon Rathchathani and Nakhon Si Thammarat Provinces. Crossing experiments among the 2 and 3 isolines representing 2 and 3 karyotypic forms of An. argyropus and An. pursati, respectively, indicated genetic compatibility in yielding viable progenies and synaptic salivary gland polytene chromosomes through F2-generations. The conspecific natures of these karyotypic forms in both species were further supported by very low intraspecific sequence variations (average genetic distance: An. argyropus = 0.003-0.007, An. pursati = 0-0.005) of ribosomal DNA (ITS2) and mitochondrial DNA (COI and COII).

Insect blood cells or hemocytes play an important role in the defense against parasites and other pathogenic organisms. However, the hemocyte types of three mosquito vectors, Aedes togoi, Anopheles lesteri and Culex quinquefasiatus are not well known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the hemocytes of these three mosquito species based on morphology using light microscopy. The abdominal cutting and perfusion method was used in this study as it took the fewest steps, provided the largest number of hemocytes and yielded less contamination with fat body cells. Hemocyte typing, based on morphology, revealed three types of hemocytes (prohemocytes, oenocytoids and granulocytes) that were contained in the hemolymph of all three mosquito species. This study demonstrated that the use of distinct morphology with light microscopy provided sufficient criteria to characterize and differentiate mosquito hemocytes. This technique will be useful in terms of cost saving and for new researchers who begin to study in this field.