Object To study the effect of rare-earth elements La3+ on growth of hairy roots and normal roots of Rheum palmatum L and their yield of anthraquinones. Methods The biomass and an- thraquinone yield of two hairy clones DH5c, DH7a, and normal root NOR cultures of R. palmatum were evaluated statistically after various concentration of La3+ were administrated into culture medium. Results Significant differences of biomass yield and anthraquinone yield were shown among six La3+ concentrations, in which 10 mg/L showed obvious inhibitory effect for root growth and 1. 0 mg/L was the best for anthraquinone yield. In general, aloe-emodin and rhein were predominant in five anthraquinones after treated with the rare-earth element. Conclusion The growth of hairy root cultures of R. palmatum and their anthraquinone yield are greatly promoted by addition of La3+ to the medium.

ObjectiveTo investigate current status and demand of continous general practice (GP) education in Shanghai.Methods Two hundred and twenty general practitioners from 10 community health service centers of Shanghai underwent a questionnaire survey.Chi-square test was used for data analysis.ResultsThe effective response rate was 96.57％(212/220).About 87 percent of the participants considered continous GP education was helpful.Nearly 55 percent of the participants were satisfied withcurrentcontinousGP education.Unsatisfaction withcontinuing GP education,wishto reparticipate continous GP education,expected method and content of training were partly related to professional title and age.Ninety-seven percent of the participants thought the assessment of continuous GP education should include clinical practical capability evaluation.Conclusion The present continous GP education in Shanghai is not matched with GP's demand.Continous GP education should meet different needs of general practioners in different ways.

Background Recent studies indicated that rat and mouse Müller cells can be induced and differentiated into photoreceptor-like cells in vitro, but it is not known whether this also happens to adult pig Müller cells nowadays.Objective This study was to test whether adult pig Müller cells can be differentiated to the retinal photoreceptors (the primary transmission neurons of the retina) in vitro.Methods Müller cells were isolated from the neural retina of adult pig eyes and cultured and passaged.The 3rd and 4th generation of cells were themonolayerly cultured,and the cells forced to form spheres in suspension in altra-low adherent dishes for 2-3 days first and then reseeded in normal adherent plates,and both of them were cultured in a specifically formulated medium to induce the differentiation of retinal photoreceptor.The cells was verified by immunocytochemistry.Cell morphology and immunofluorescence staining were utilized to measure the efficacy of the differentiation.Results The 2nd,3rd and 4th generation of Müller cells expressed glutamate synthetase (GS) , a specific maker of Müller cells.Inaddition, the 3rd generation of cells also expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and another specific maker of Müller cells.Three visual fields under fluorescence-microscope were randomly chosen to calculate the average positive ratio of rhodopsin,a specific marker of mature photoreceptors.The photoreceptor differentiation ratios of the 2nd generation of cells for monolayer culture only and with additional sphere suspension culture were (27.99±6.53 (％ and (16.54±3.40) ％ , respectively.With passages, the number of rhodopsin positive cells gradually decreased, and the intensity of rhodopsin expression gradually weakened.The directed rhodopsin positive ratios of the 2nd,3rd and 4th generation of cells from sphere formation were (56.23±7.32)％ , (36.26 ±8.55)％ and (12.68 ±3.18)％ , respectively.Although the rhodopsin expression was weakened over passages,the differentiated cells were more slender and elongated.There was no statistic ally significant difference between different groups (F =2.618, P =0.099).Conclusions Adult pig Müller cells can be differentiated into retinal photoreceptors in vitro.The morphology of the differentiated cells appears moreslender and elongates if the sphere-induced differentiation method is used and/or the directed differentiation time is further extended.

This paper is aimed to report the development of a method for the determination of the binding rate of plasma protein with salvianolic acid B. In vitro, equilibrium dialysis method was used to imitate the binding process between salvianolic acid B and plasma protein, in vivo, ultrafiltration method was used and the binding rate with HPLC was determined. Plasma samples were treated with methanol to precipitate the protein, and the buffer solution was directly determined after filtering. The calibration curve of the buffer solution was linear in the range of 0.5-20 microg mL(-1). The calibration curve of the plasma was linear in the range of 2-200 microg mL(-1). The extract recovery was 68.6%-81.9%. RSDs of intra- and inter-day precisions were all less than 8.5%. The binding rates of plasma protein with salvianolic acid B in vitro was 75.2% and in vivo was 92.1%. This paper shows the high binding power of salvianolic acid B to plasma protein with high sensitivity, good reproduction, simple management and fulfilling the requirement.

Objective Tubulointerstitial fibrosis(TIF) is the most important marker reflecting the degree of renal function decline and prognosis and hydrogen sulfide ( H2 S) is crucial in maintaining normal renal function and many diseases of renal injury. The aim of the article was to investigate the effects of exogenous H2 S on the expressions of angiotensinⅡ ( AngⅡ) , proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Methods TIF rat model was built with UUO. Ninety-six SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:sham operation group, modelgroup, UUO+low-dose NaHS treatment group ( low dose group) and UUO+high-dose NaHS treatment group ( high dose group) ( n=24, respectively) . Rats in model group were treated with left-side ureteral obstruction and ureteral separation without obstruction was done in sham operation group. UUO rats in two treatment groups were injected intraperitoneally with two different doses of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, donor of endogenous H2 S), respectively. HE and Massonstaining and immunohistochemical staining were performed at the 7 d, 14 d and 21 d, respectively. Results In sham operation group, the expressions of AngⅡ, PCNA, and TGF-β1 were found in microamount in tubulointerstitium at each time points. Compared with sham operation group, the expressions of AngⅡ, PCNA and TGF-β1 in model group increased( P<0.01) . While in comparison to model group, the expressions of AngⅡ, PCNA and TGF-β1 decreased in low dose group and high dose group, but no significant differ-ence was found between low dose group and high dose group. Conclusion Exogenous H2 S supplementation can attenuate TIF partly via downregulating the expressions of AngⅡ, PCNA and TGF-β1 .

369 patients with hypertension living in Xietu community were randomized into 2 groups:intervention group receiving the group-interference-management and control group receiving routine hypertension management services.We found that patients in the intervention group had better self-management behaviors,self-efficacy and health status in comparison with the control group (P＜0.05).The systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the intervention group decreased more remarkably than that in the control group (P＜0.05).Our result suggested that the community-based hypertension group-interference-management model is more effective to control hypertension than the routine hypertension management services.

Objective To study the effects of phytohormones and elicitors on the growth and anthraquinone production of Cassia obtusifolia hairy roots. Methods Blades and petioles of C. obtusifolia〖WTBZ〗 were infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes LBA9402 and the in vitro culture system of the hairy root was established. Results Hairy roots were induced by A. rhizogenes LBA9402. The results showed that the addition of 0.5% NAA to the hairy roots increased the content of five kinds of anthraquinones by four times, and Aspergillus niger elicitor had no much effect and JA had slightly inhibitory effect on root growth, but both of them significantly promoted the anthraquinone accumulation, the anthraquinone yield increased more than two times with the treatment of 2.0 mL elicitor/50 mL medium and by 73% with the treatment of 10 ?mol/L jasmin acid (JA), respectively. JA had little inhibitory effect on the growth of fairy roots. Conclusion The fundation has been established for further oplimizing the proper cultural system for C. obtusifolia hairy roots and regulating the secondary melabolite.

Objective To study the effect of optimized media and clones on growth and anthraquinone yield in hairy root cultures of Rheum palmatum.Methods The four monoclones and four media were optimized statistically for studying the effect on the biomass accumulation and five anthraquinones yield in hairy root cultures of R.palmatum.Results Significant differences in biomass were shown among various clones and media,in which monoclone DH7a was the highest and WP medium was the best.Chrysophanol and physcion were predominant among five free anthraquinones in hairy root cultures of R.palmatum.Notable differences of total five free anthraquinones yield were observed among different clones, in which DH7a was the highest.Reciprocity analysis showed that the highest yield of five free anthraquinones is in the combinations of DH7a with B5 medium.DH5a less and DH5a the least with WP medium,DH7a and B5 medium were predominent for the yield of above five free anthraquinones with exception of DH5c which has no significant difference in four media.Conclusion The study lays the foundation for mass production of anthraquinone by hairy root culture of R.palmatum.

The correlation between pulmonary endothelin receptors and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (A-aDO2) in rats with hepatopulmonary syndrome was investigated. Animals were divided into 2 groups: Sham-operated (Sham) group and common bile duct ligation (CBDL) group. Arterial blood gas was evaluated by a blood gas analyzer. The concentrations of ET-1 in blood and lung tissue sample were evaluated by radioimmunoassay. The distribution and expression of two kinds of subtype receptor of ET-1, ETRA and ETRB were examined by in situ hybridization. The results showed that the level of A-aDO2 was higher in CBDL group than that in Sham group (P < 0.05). The levels of plasma and pulmonary ET-1 in CBDL group were both higher than in Sham group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in average A of ETRA between two groups by imaging analysis (0.21 +/- 0.06 vs 0.22 +/- 0.08, P > 0.05), while that of ETRB was higher in CBDL group than in Sham group (0.58 +/- 0.16 vs 0.28 +/- 0.07, P < 0.05). The expression of ETRB in lung was positively correlated with A-aDO2 (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the widened A-aDO2 may be related with enhancement of the expression of ETRB in lung.
Endothelin-1/metabolism ; Hepatopulmonary Syndrome/*metabolism ; Lung/*metabolism ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; Pulmonary Alveoli/*metabolism ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptor, Endothelin A/metabolism ; Receptor, Endothelin B/*metabolism