Objective To investigate the situation and change of antifungal resistance in clinical Candida and other fungal iso- lates from 5 hospitals in diverse geographic region of China.Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 8 000 fungat iso- lates collected during 2001 and 2005 were carried out with 25?g fluconazole disk and 1?g voriconazole disk using disk diffusion method as recommend by CLSI/NCCLS M44-A.Disk test plates were automatically read and results were recoded with the BIOMIC Image Analysis System.The equivalent MICs were automatically calculated by the BIOMIC System software.Results The proportion of Candida atbicans and non-Candida albicans (e.g.Candida glabrata) in the total fungal isolates did not change significantly from 2001 to 2005.The susceptibility rate of C.albicans to fluconazole and vorieonazole were stable during 2001 and 2005.However, the resistance to fluconazole and voriconazole increased variably in C.glabrata and other non-Can- dida albicans fungal isolates during the same period.Conclusions The voriconazole demonstrated higher activity against all yeast species in comparison with fluconazole.The increasing resistance to fluconazole and voriconazole in non C.albicans fungal isolates including C.glabruta suggests the importance of surveillance of fungal resistance in Candida isolates.

Objective Study the production of the?-lactamases in eight pan-resistant citrobact- er freandi and their epidemic characteristics.Methods Modified Hodge test and EDTA-disk syner- gy test were used to screen Metallo-?-lactarnases,and isoelectric focusing to estimate the production of ESBLs and AmpC enzymes.ESBLs,AmpC,MBL genes were amplified and analyzed by PCR and DNA sequencing.Molecular epidemics were investigated by PFGE.Results All the 8 strains pro- duced TEM-1,CTX-M-14,4 of them at the same time producing CTX-M-3.No Plasmid mediated AmpC was found.Furthermore,a new subtype of MBL with one amino acid different from IMP-8 was de- tected.All the 8 strains belong to the same PFGE type.Conclusions Pan-drug-resistant citrobacter freundi produced more than one kind of?-lactamases.All these isolates were clonally related.

AIM:To study the changes of tear film and ocular surface after the coaxial micro incision 2. 2mm and 2. 8mm in the phacoemulsification.
METHODS:Eighty-six patients ( One hundred and six eyes ) from 2014/06 to 2016/01 in our hospital were enrolled. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. Forty-four patients ( Fifty-three eyes) in group A: coaxial 2. 2mm micro- incision phacoemulsification cataract extraction and intraocular lens(IOL) implantation;Forty-two patients ( Fifty-three eyes ) in group B: the conventional coaxial 2. 8mm small incision phacoemulsification cataract extraction and IOL implantation. The break up time ( BUT) , dry eye symptom ( DES) score, Schirmer's I test ( SⅠt ) and lid-wiper epitheliopathy ( LWE ) score were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively.
RESULTS:At 1wk, 1 and 2mo postoperatively, the BUT in two groups decreased after operations, and the BUT of group B was significantly lower than those of group A, the differences were statistically significant ( t = 3. 098, 4.512, 4.329; all P < 0. 05 ). The DES score in two groups increased, the DES score of group B was significantly higher than those of group A and the differences were statistically significant (t=-9. 449, -10. 029, -7. 141; all P<0. 05). The SⅠt in two groups increased after operations, the SⅠt of group B was significantly higher than those of group A and the differences were statistically significant (t=-6. 293, -4. 009, -3. 283; all P<0. 05). The LWE score in two groups increased after operations, the LWE score of group B was significantly higher than those of group A and the differences were statistically significant (t=-6. 542,-5. 125, -3. 632; all P<0. 05). At 6mo postoperatively, compared with the preoperative data, the BUT, DES score, S Ⅰ t and LWE score in group A showed no statistically significant differences (t=0. 659, 1. 276, 0. 548, 0.169; P>0. 05). The BUT, DES score, SⅠt and LWE score in group B showed statistically significant differences (t=-4. 063, 7. 306, 3. 621, 4. 208;all P<0. 05).CONCLUSION:Ocular surface has less damage and tear film has little influence at early stage after the coaxial 2.2mm microincision phacoemulsification, compared with the conventional coaxial 2. 8mm incision phacoemulsification surgery.

Objective To investigate the importance of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in the development of quinolone resistance in clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria.Methods A total of 541 consecutive clinical isolates of gram-negative ba- cilli resistant or intermediate to ciprofloxacin were screened for the qnrA gene by PCR.Conjugation experiments were carried out with azide-resistant E.coli J53 as a recipient.The aac(6')-Ib-cr gene was detected.The mutations in the quinolone-resist- ance-determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA and parC genes were identified in qnrA positive strains.Results qnrA was identi- fied in 7 of the 541 strains.Among the qnrA positive strains,5 were Enterobacter cloacae.No qnrA was detected in nonfer- menters.Quinolone resistance was transferred in 4 of 7 qnrA positive strains.Transconjugants had 12-to 125-fold increases in MIC of ciprofloxacin relative to that of the recipient.Seven strains contained qnrA with a nucleotide sequence identical to that originally reported.Two transconjugants with higher ciprofloxacin MICs contained aac(6')-Ib-cr gene.Mutations occurred in the QRDR of the gyrA and parC genes in 5 PCR-positive clinical strains.Conclusions Transferable plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance associated with qnrA is highly prevalent in clinical strains of Enterobacter spp.aac(6')-Ib-cr gene and mutations in the quinolone targets may co-exist with qnrA,which may contribute to the further increase of resistance to quinolones.

To evaluate the automated segmentation algorithm for detection of intra - retinal layers to process images obtained from ultra- high resolution optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) . Graph theory and the shortest path search based on dynamic programming were applied to automatically segment the 8 intra - retinal layers. We experimentally verified the accuracy and reliability of the algorithm. The results showed that the intra-retinal layer boundaries between automated and manual segmentations matched well. The algorithm successfully segmented the intra- retinal layers in glaucoma, high myopia, and retinitis pigmentosa patients. The proposed automatic segmentation for intra-retinal layers provides a promising tool for quantitative analysis in clinical diagnosis and treatment.

AIM:To compare the refractive errors measured by the VISX WaveScan, OPD - Scan Ⅲ and the subjective refraction.
METHODS: Seventy - six patients ( 152 eyes ) were recruited from January 2013 to December 2013. All patients were measured with subjective refraction by the phoropter (NIDEK, RT-5100), objective refraction by the WaveScan ( AMO Company, USA) , OPD-ScanⅢ ( Nidek Technologies, Japan). The sphere, cylinder, axis of the three methods were compared and analyzed.
RESULTS: The sphere measured by WaveScan was lower than that by subjective refraction, the difference was 0. 13±0. 30D (t=3. 753, P<0. 001). For cylinder, the difference was 0. 13±0. 43D (t=3. 664, P<0. 001). There was no significance for sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent between OPD - Scan Ⅲ and subjective refraction (P>0. 05). The value of the difference between WaveScan and subjective refraction was 5. 87o±6. 19o for the axis and the difference between OPD-Scan Ⅲ and subjective refraction was 3. 82o±3. 95o. There was statistic significance (t=2. 817, P=0. 006).
CONCLUSION: For sphere and cylinder, WaveScan generated some deviation relative to subjective refraction. The Nidek OPD-ScanⅢ gives more accurate measures of objective refraction when compared with subjective refraction.

Objective To observe the effect of different thyroid hormone level on the expression of synaptotagmin Ⅰ(Syt Ⅰ) in adult rat hippocampus. Methods All 28 adult male SD rats were assigned randomly into hypothyroid, hyperthyroid and control group, hypothyroid group was established by daily intraperitoneal injections with propylthiou raci(PTU, 10.0 mg/kg body weight) for 6 weeks and hyperthyroid group with L-Thyroxine (L-T4, 0.5 mg/kg body weight) for 3 weeks. Radioimmunity method was used to assay the levels of serum T3 and T4, immunohistochemical S-P technology to assay the levels of Syt Ⅰ protein in hippoeampus CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG). The layers analyzed in the different subfields include the polymorphic cell layer(the stratum oriens, SO), pyramidal cell layer(PCL), stratum radiatum (SR), lacunosum-molecular layer (SLM) in CA1 and CA3, granular cell layer(GL) and molecular layer(ML) in DG. Results The levels of serum T3 and T4[(0.34±0.12), (41.03± 11.37)nmol/L]in the hypothyroid rats were significantly lower than those in the control group[(0.65±0.15), (55.20±10.68)nmol/L, P < 0.01 or < 0.05], and the positive granule of Syt Ⅰ was significantly lower in PCL and SR of CA1 and CA3, GL of DG. The average optical value responsible for Syt Ⅰ immunoreactivity was obviously reduced in SO(0.048±0.007), PCL(0.299±0.035), SR(0.042±0.007), SLM(0.038±0.006) of CA1, PCL(0.085± 0.019), SR(0.040±0.011), SLM (0.038±0.006) of CA3, GL (0.076±0.019) of DG than normal controls (0.068± 0.014, 0.376±0.053, 0.053±0.008,0.056±0.009,0.118±0.026,0.052±0.010,0.053±0.009,0.099±0.015; P< 0.01 or < 0.05). Serum T3 and T4 levels [(1.43±0.30), (157.18±19.95)nmol/L]of hyperthyroid rats were significantly higher than those of control group(P < 0.01). The value was reduced in PCL(0.322±0.050), SR(0.039±0.006), SLM (0.042±0.006) of CA1, PCL(0.098±0.034), SR(0.046±0.013), SLM(0.046±0.010) of CA3 and GL(0.085± 0.024), ML (0.042±0.009) of DG (P < 0.05 or < 0.01). Conclusion Adult-onset of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can reversibly decrease the expression of Syt Ⅰ in CA1, CA3 and DG regions of hippocampus.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS), caused by SARS- associated coronavirus(SCV), is the first severe infectious disease in this century. SARS is pathologically characterized by interstitial exudative inflammation of lung with the formation of hyaline membrane in acute phase. Haemorrhagic inflammation exists in extrapulmonary organs. Clinical diagnosis is a dynamic process and includes the suspected case, probable case and definite case. Diagnostic standard of SARS will be revised with further understanding of the disease. Chinese term of SARS has been recommended in the paper.
Humans ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; pathology ; Terminology as Topic

Base Sequence ; Conjugation, Genetic ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Humans ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Transformation, Bacterial ; beta-Lactamases ; genetics

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Bone Marrow ; metabolism ; Brain ; metabolism ; Brain Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; CDC2 Protein Kinase ; metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Glioma ; classification ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neoplastic Stem Cells ; metabolism ; Young Adult