OBJECTIVE To provide the evidence in decreasing the rate of hospital-acquired infection by studying the patients in NICU and analyzing the bacteria strains isolated from these patients.METHODS We studied 512 cases from 1027 patients in NICU of Department of Neurology,813 isolated bacteria strains and their sensitivities to antibiotics were investigated.RESULTS NICU patients had a relatively high rate of hospital-acquired infection(49.85%),respiratory and urinary systems were the most common affected.Klebsiella pneumoniae was the top one species in Gram-negative bacteria(62.61%).Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the top one species in Gram-positive bacteria(28.16%).CONCLUSIONS Laboratory examination,appropriate antibiotics and precise medical behavior are the most important factors in preventing the hospital-acquired infection in NICU.

OBJECTIVE To investigate 11200 strains isolated from the patients of our hospital between from 1 Jan 2005 to 31 Dec 2006,to detect the distribution and resistance of bacteria and provide laboratory evidence for the application of antibiotics in clinics.METHODS The sensitivities of bacterial strains to antibiotics were analyzed.RESULTS SAU was the top one in Gram-positive bacteria(G+ bacteria),the occurrence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)statistically increased(from 70.0% to 76.0%).Pseudomonas aeroginosa was the top one in Gram-negative bacteria(G-bacteria)(from 11.8% to 12.9%),the occurrence of ESBLs-producing Esherichia coli statistically increased(from 30.5% to 35.5%).The percentages of fungal strains isolated in the two years of 2005 and 2006 were 13.4% and 19.2%,respectively Candida albicans was the main strain among them.CONCLUSIONS These pathogens are still the common types in the patients from our hospital.It should be noted that MRSA and ESBLs-producing E.coli strains are significantly increasing and presenting resistance to a varieties of antibiotics.

Objective To observe the effects of low frequency electrical nerve stimulation on sensory and motor functioning in patients with hemiplegia and hemianesthesia caused by acute cerebral infarction.Methods Sixty-one acute cerebral infarction patients with both hemiplegia and hemianesthesia were randomly divided into a treatment group and a control group.Thirty patients in the control group received conventional treatment.Thirty-one patients in the treatment group were treated with low frequency electrical stimulation of the peripheral nerves of the affected extremities in addition to the conventional treatment.Sensory function,motor function and performance in the activities of daily living(ADL)were evaluated before and 14 days after treatment.Results Sensory function,motor function and ADL performance in both groups improved significantly over the 14 days.Furthermore,the difference between the two groups after treatment was significant.Conclusion Low frequency electrical nerve stimulation can improve sensory function,motor function and ADL performance in acute cerebral infarction patients with both hemiplegia and hemianesthesia.

Objective: To investigate the effect of the enteral nutrition therapy on complication and the recovery in the severe stroke patients.Methods: 116 patients received enteral nutrition therapy and 91 patients accepted fluid food were involved in this trail.The complication,duration in intensive care unit,survival days,hospital costs,blood sugar level and serum albumin level were compared.Results: Compared with control group,the probability of complications,the hospital costs,the duration staying in intensive care unit,the survival days,the blood sugar and the serum albumin were significantly better.Conclusion: It is a proper and essential way to use the enteral nutrition in the patients with severe stroke in the early stage.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the bacteria strains isolated from the patients with acute cerebral infarction and to prevent and decrease the occurrence of hospital required infection.METHODS We studied 826 patients with acute cerebral infarction in the department of neurology,investigated the origin of infection and etiological factor,and analyzed the sensitivities to antibiotics of 1127 bacteria strains.RESULTS It was common that hospital required infection occurred in the patients of acute cerebral infarction,respiratory and urinary systems were the most common sites.Klebsiella Pneumoniae was the top one in gram-negative bacteria(18.94%),Esherichia coli was the top one in gram-negative bacteria(8.23%).CONCLUSIONS Standard medical management,effective therapy to the original diseases,proper application of antibiotics play the key roles in preventing and decreasing hospital required infection.

BACKGROUND: Now, progress has been made in understanding the pathomechanisms, protection of injured neurons,regeneration of oligodendrocytes and transplantation of neural stem cells. This paper is aimed to introduce the decade progression, latest research and novel therapies in the area of spinal cord injury internationally.DATA SOURCES: Related articles published from January 1987 to October 2006 were chosen from the America Medline Database, and the language was limited to English, with the search keywords of "spinal cord injury; neural stem cells;axon; neurotrophic factor and animal model".STUDY SELECTION: After the primary trial, the full versions of the articles related to neural stem cell and neurotrophic factor were reviewed according to the following criterias: ① experiments investigating the mechanisms and novel therapies of spinal cord injury. ②papers revealing the axon regeneration, function of growth cone, targets for inducting the regeneration direction as well as synapse and function rebuild. ③ papers reporting neurotrophic factor and endogenous stem cell therapies. Excluded criteria: ①papers with lower impact factor in SCl or studies with similar results.②papers without English abstract.DATA EXTRACTION: A total of 1 166 papers were found in Medline, 101 papers accord with the above criteria, 61 papers were cited in this review, including 12 papers for the mechanism of spinal cord injury, 14 papers for axon regeneration, 8 papers for the function of growth cone, 8 papers for the oligodendrocytes, 7 papers for neural stem cells and the left 12 papers for neurotrophic factor. Other articles were deleted.DATA SYNTHESIS: ①Base of functional recovery after spinal cord injury: The regeneration and elongation of damaged axons; The capacity of axons to penetrate the scar; Re-growth in the direction of appropriate target .regions; Cessation of axonal growth, formation of terminal arbors and formation of synaptic contacts with target neurons; The restoration of functional neurotransmission and the recovery of function.②Neuropathological analysis of spinal cord injury: the primary and secondary damage after spinal cord injury.③Molecular biological mechanism of spinal cord injury: The growth cone is important for the establishment of neural circuitry during neural development and regeneration in the adult CNS after injury; Central nerve system myelin protein is inhibitory for axonal growth; cell membrane and intracellular signal transmission. ④The important cells and cytokine of spinal cord injury: oligodendrocyte, leukemia inhibitory factor,minocycline and endogenous neural stem cells. ⑤Animal models of spinal cord injury: The most common models are total transactions, partial transections and contusions. ⑤Prospect of researches on spinal cord injury: The therapy of neurotrophic factor and neural stem cell has been transformed to clinical practice, for example, the leukaemia inhibitory factor has been applied on clinical experiment at Ⅳ phase, and the research of the induction and proliferation of ndogenous stem cells has been paid much more attention.CONCLUSION: The regeneration of spinal cord after injury is becoming possible using the therapies of neurotrophic actor and neural stem cell. It would be an ideal direction in the near future to investigate the mechanisms of axon regeneration induced by neurotrophic factor intervention in the research areas of spinal cord injury. It would also play a vital role to reveal the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells in repairing the injury of spinal cord.

OBJECTIVE: To introduce the research progression of fMRI in brain functional localization in China or abroad in the recent 15 years, so as to further comprehend the effect and value of fMRI.DATA SOURCES: A computer-based online search of Medline database was undertaken to identify English articles about fMRI published from 1990 to 2005 with the keywords "functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), brain".STUDY SELECTION: The articles about experimental studies of fMRI articles irrelative to motor function, sensory function, hearing function, visuEnglish title.DATA EXTRACTION: Totally 6 144 relevant articles were collected, 18 articles were involved according to the inclusive criteria, and the others were excluded. cles about sensory function, including 1 about simple tactile stimulation,ry function, including 2 about simple visual stimulation, and 1 about binoction, including about hearing stimulation by various methods, and 1 about comparison between normal and abnormal subjects by the same stimulation.language function, 1 about visual language function, and 1 about listening basic principle.CONCLUSION: fMRI was more accurate, convenient and direct than other methods. It can not only show localization, size and dimension of the activated areas in different cerebral regions, but also show accurate anatomical position. Many aspects still need to be consummated, for example, exploration of the stimulating method, design of advanced hardware, post processing of the image and the effect of visualization. With the development of hardware, software and the endless endeavor of scientists, fMRI dooms to play an important role in illustrating the function of human brain.

Objective To study any functional changes in the trigeminal nociceptive system in cases of migraine with aura (MWA) using painful heat-evoked potentials (CHEPs),and to explore the value of CHEP in evaluating the trigeminal small nerve fibers of patients with MWA.Methods Sixty patients with MWA were recruited as the MWA group,and 60 healthy persons were selected as a normal control group.Thermal stimulation at 51 ℃ was applied to the skin above the patients' right and left eyebrows.The N wave latencies and N-P amplitudes of the CHEPs were recorded at the vertex (Cz) of the head.The intensity of the stimulus was graded using a visual analogue scale (VAS).Results In the control group the simulation produced no significant differences in the N550 or P750 latencies or in the N-P amplitudes.In the MWA group no significant differences were observed when the headache side was stimulated,but the N550 and P750 latencies were both significantly shorter than those of the control group and the N-P amplitude was significantly greater than that of the control group.The average VAS score on both sides in the patients with migraine was significantly higher than those of the control group.However,there was no significant difference in average VAS scores between the headache and non-headache sides of the patients with migraine.Conclusions CHEP is a reliable method for detecting any pathological changes in the trigeminal small nerve sensory pathway.Increased cutaneous allodynia in acute migraine attacks is detectable using CHEPs.

Objective To explore the value of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential in treating brainstem infarctions through comparing the characteristics ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP) and brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) in patients with brainstem infarctions.Methods A total of 60 patients with brainstem infarctions were enrolled in a brainstem infarction (BI) group, while another sixty healthy volunteers were selected as the control group.All patients underwent oVEMP and BAEP tests via air-conducted stimuli.Results The oVEMPs were elicited reliably and stably in 58 of the control group, and 42 of the BI group, with the bilateral N1 and P1 latencies of oVEMP significantly prolonged [N1 (left) : 11.85 ± 0.82 ms, N1 (right) : 11.91 ± 0.86 ms, P1 (left) : 15.52 ± 1.61 ms, P1 (right) : 15.63 ± 1.64 ms respectively] and the bilateral N1-P1 amplitudes of oVEMP significantly reduced [1.23 ±0.42 μV (left) and 1.58 ± 0.70 μV (right) respectively].Moreover, no recordable oVEMPs was elicited in the other 18 patients, among which found 13 prolonged N1 latencies, 10 prolonged P1 latencies, 6 prolonged N1 and P1 latencies and 8 reduced N1-P1 amplitudes of oVEMP.Altogether, 45 abnormal oVEMPs were found, with an abnormal rate of 75％.The average peak latencies of Ⅴ waves [(5.98 ± 0.37) ms] and interpeak latencies of Ⅲ-Ⅴ and Ⅰ-Ⅴ waves [2.93 ± 0.34 ms and 4.96 ± 0.39 ms respectively] in the BI group were significantly prolonged compared to the controls (P＜ 0.01).The amplitude ratio of Ⅴ/Ⅰ (0.48 ± 0.10) in the BI group was significantly reduced compared to the controls (P ＜ 0.05).Forty-two abnormal BAEPs were found, with an abnormal rate of 75％ , including 17 prolonged latency of Ⅴ waves, 6 prolonged latency of Ⅲ waves, 15 prolonged interpeak latencies of Ⅲ-Ⅴ waves, 9 prolonged interpeak latencies of Ⅰ-Ⅴ waves, 11 cases of Ⅲ-Ⅴ interpeak latency larger than Ⅰ-Ⅲ interpeak latencies, 13 cases of the amplitude ratio of Ⅴ / Ⅰ smaller than 0.5 and 3 case of unclear waves.There were no significant differences in abnormal rate when using the oVEMP (42/60 and 75％) and BAEP (45/60 and 70％) testing However, the abnormal rate was 91.7％ when combining oVEMP with BAEP testing, significantly higher than that when only conducting BAEP testing.Conclusion Patients with brainstem infarctions have abnormalities in oVEMP.Combined with MRI and other electrophysiological testing, oVEMP may contribute to the diagnosis of brainstem infarctions.

Objective To study the relationship of CSF and serum FGF-2 level with clinical parameters in MND patients.Methods Ninety-one MND patients served as a MND group and 40 noninflammtory nervous system disease patients served as a control group.Their CSF and serum FGF-2 level were measured by ELISA.The neurological deficit in ALS patients was assessed according to the modified ALSFRS-r,the progression of MND was assessed according to the DPR.The ALS patients were followed up,during which their survival time was recorded.Results The serum FGF-2 level was significantly higher in MND group than in control group (P＜0.01).The CSF,FGF-2 level were significantly higher in ALS patients of MND group than in those of control group (319.2±105.9 ng/L vs 241.7±34.3 ng/L,P＜0.01).The CSF and serum FGF-2 level were positively correlated with the duration of MND and negatively correlated with the DRP in ALS patients (P＜0.01).Survival analysis of MND patients indicated that the survival time of PMA patients was longer than that of PLS,ALS and PBP patients (P=0.000).The cumulative survival rate of ALS patients with a high serum FGF-2 level was significantly higher than that of those with a low serum FGF-2 level (P=0.002).Conclusion The CSF and serum FGF-2 level are higher in some MND patients and can be used as one of the biomarkers for evaluating the progression and predicting surrival.