Newborn screening (NBS) was introduced in the Philippines in 1996. After 12 years of implementation, a review of performance of the NBS facilities shows that there is a wide range of NBS performance from zero to 100%. This paper aims to review the NBS facilities (NSFs) that have at least 90% NBS coverage and to identify the successful strategies that have pushed the high coverage.

Neonatal Screening ; Philippines

Mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders have very diverse manifestations and can present with any symptom, in any organ at any time. Here we describe two Filipino children confirmed to have a mitochondrial respiratory chain disorder after presenting with non-specific neurologic symptoms. The first patient had Otahara syndrome and was later on found to have complex I deficiency. The second patient had the m.8993T>G mtDNA mutation that was consistent with a Leigh phenotype.
Human ; Female ; MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES ; NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC DISEASES ; METABOLIC DISEASES

Human ; Infant Newborn ; Neonatal Screening ; Policy ; Research

BACKGROUND: Neonatal mass screening has led to the early diagnosis and management of congenital endocrine and metabolic diseases. The effectiveness and efficiency of neonatal screening had been well established for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in other settings.

OBJECTIVES: 1) To determine the incidence of CH; and 2) To determine whether a newborn screening program (NSP) for CH is cost-beneficial from a societal perspective.

DESIGN: Screening survey with cost-benefit analysis.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Newborns from the original 24 hospitals in Metro Manila that started newborn screening were screened for CH after the 48th hour of life. Confirmatory tests were performed for those who screened positive. Using the incidence from the survey, the costs for the detection and treatment of CH were compared to the projected benefits of preventing the mental retardation and consequent productivity losses. Sensitivity analyses for incidence rates, discount rates and timing of blood collection were included.

RESULTS: A total of 28,088 newborns (40% of 69,391 live births) were screened. Ninety-two were recalled for confirmatory testing after the initial screen; 8 were diagnosed with CH. Assuming that a cohort of 200,000 newborns would be screened in one year, the net costs for the screening program were US$ 2.4M. If the timing of blood collection was after the 24th hour, there was instead a net benefit of US$ 0.6M. The incidence of CH among the hospital admissions in Metro Manila was 0.037% (95% CI 0.009 - 0.064%).

CONCLUSIONS: The net cost of a screening program for CH taken after 48 hours was US$ 2.4M. Newborn screening for CH was cost-beneficial if blood collection occurred after the 24th hour so that expense of an additional hospital day was not incurred. In order to realize the costing benefits illustrated by this study, the timing of sample collection was moved to a day earlier (after 24 hours of age) beginning in 2000.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Infant Newborn ; Congenital Hypothyroidism ; Neonatal Screening ; Cost-benefit Analysis ; Intellectual Disability ; Live Birth ; Early Diagnosis ; Specimen Handling ; Metabolic Diseases

Newborn Screening in the Philippines began as a small pilot project in Manila in 1996 and has expanded to a nationwide program screening for 5 conditions today. Along the way, professional, political and public support has increased. As a result, a national law requiring the offering of screening to all newborns was put into place. The Department of Health (DOH) is actively providing follow-up support, and the National Institutes of Health - University of the Philippines Manila (NIH) provides laboratory and technical expertise. Expansion has evolved to the point that there are now two DOH accredited screening laboratories with further expansion anticipated. The Newborn Screening Reference Center at the NIH has partnered with the DOH to develop a performance evaluation and assessment scheme (PEAS). The Philippine PEAS is designed to monitor quality and improvements made in the regional DOH screening program. The Philippine PEAS was developed building on a PEAS previously developed by the US National Newborn Screening and Genetics Resource Center, and we report here the development, implementation and results of the Philippine PEAS.

Neonatal Screening ; Peas ; Philippines ; Laboratories ; National Institutes Of Health (u.s.) ; Professional Competence ; Health Resources

Newborn Screening is a well recognised public health programme aimed at the early identification of infants who are affected by certain genetic/metabolic/infectious conditions. Early identification of these conditions is particularly crucial, since timely intervention can lead to a significant reduced morbidity, mortality, and associated disabilities in affected infants. Establishing sustainable newborn screening programmes in developing countries poses major challenges as it competes with other health priorities--infectious disease control, immunisation, malnutrition, etc. Despite this, it is imperative that developing countries recognise the importance of newborn screening based on experiences on both developed and developing countries in saving thousands of babies from mental retardation, death and other complications. Some of the critical factors necessary for a successful national newborn screening programme are inclusion of newborn screening among government priorities, funding (including the possibility of newborn screening fees), public acceptance, health practitioners cooperation, and government participation in institutionalising the newborn screening system. This paper presents a historical review of 4 eras of newborn screening in the Asia Pacific, discusses enabling factors leading to successful newborn screening programme implementation, and identifies obstacles that threaten the programme implementation in developing countries.
Developing Countries ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Neonatal Screening ; standards

Iodine deficiency remains a global concern for developing countries and some industrialised countries. Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable mental retardation, posing a threat to the social and economic development of countries. Initiatives were developed and instituted to accelerate progress to achieve the goal of universal salt iodisation (USI). However, these efforts were not successful in eliminating iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in some countries. Every year, 50 million children are born without the protection that iodine offers to the growing brain and body and about 18 million suffer some significant degree of mental impairment. The World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and non-governmental organisations assist to ensure that populations at risk have access to iodised salt. This paper will review the highlights of iodine deficiency and present the experiences in the various countries in Asia, i.e. assessments of the situation, action plans, and obstacles to implementation.
Deficiency Diseases ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Iodine ; deficiency

Galactosemia is an inborn error of galactose metabolism, caused by an abnormality in the conversion of galactose and uridine diphosphoglucose to glucose-1-phosphate and uridine diphosphogalactose through the action of 3 sequential enzymes: galactokinase (GALK), galactose- 1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), and uridine phosphogalactose 4-epimerase (GALE). The advent of newborn screening brought hope with early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Newborn screening advocates have pushed for inclusion of galactosemia in the newborn screening panel. However, reports of complications despite early treatment have questioned the merits of universal screening. This paper presents issues in favour and against universal newborn screening for galactosemia.
Galactosemias ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Neonatal Screening ; standards

OBJECTIVES: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common of all clinically significant enzyme defects of red blood cells. It has a high rate of prevalence in the Philippines. Concern about hemolytic anemia and jaundice due to unrecognized G6PD deficiency led us to determine the prevalence of G6PD deficiency among jaundiced neonates in the Philippine General Hospital, a tertiary referral hospital in the Philippines. It was hypothesized that G6PD deficiency was more prevalent in neonates with jaundice than in the normal population. We also compared the clinical presentation and course (hospital stay and days of phototherapy requirement) for G6PD deficient and G6PD normal neonates.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 102 clinically jaundiced neonates admitted to the nursery of the Philippine General Hospital. Blood samples in individual microtainers were quantitatively tested for G6PD activity using a commercial G6PD assay kit. The clinical presentation and hospital courses of patients were statistically compared using the t-test for single proportions.

RESULTS: G6PD deficiency was diagnosed in 17 of 102 cases[16.7% (95% CI: 10.0 to 25.3)], which is significantly higher than the normal population (p<0.001). In all G6PD-deficient neonates, no evidence of other factors known to cause hyperbilirubinemia were detected. There was no significant difference on phototherapy requirement and length of hospitalization in G6PD- deficient and other jaundiced neonates.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of G6PD deficiency among jaundiced neonates was found to be higher than the normal population thus, early detection of this enzymopathy, regardless of sex, and close surveillance of the affected newborns is important in reducing the risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Infant Newborn ; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency ; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase ; Philippines ; Erythrocyte Count ; Erythrocytes ; Hyperbilirubinemia ; Jaundice ; Phototherapy ; Nurseries

The Guthrie bacterial inhibition assay (BIA) tests for elevated phenylalanine (PHE) by measuring B. subtilis growth zone density in an agar medium. Dried blood spots with elevated PHE on initial BIA screening undergo repeat BIA testing and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Specimens with elevated PHE by TLC or BIA on second-tier testing require recall. To streamline PKU screening and reduce the recall rate, we tested a modified BIA protocol incorporating autoclaving of dried blood spots. Autoclaving improves growth zone appearance and has been previously reported to reduce the number of specimen requiring repeat testing. From June to October 2006, dried blood spot samples with initially elevated PHE were autoclaved at 110°C for 5 min, then retested by BIA. Samples with still-elevated PHE were analyzed by TLC. 1078 of 37,268 samples (2.89%) had initially elevated PHE. After autoclaving, 1036 no longer exhibited elevated PHE decreasing to 42 (0.11%) the number requiring TLC. By comparison, the unmodified algorithm resulted in 3.14% of samples received from July - December 2006 requiring both repeat BIA and TLC testing. We have since modified our PKU screening algorithm to require repeat BIA testing from autoclaved samples prior to TLC analysis. This translates to a significant reduction in time and resources for second-tier testing and follow-up, and prevents stress for the parents of a newborn who would have been recalled unnecessarily.

Agar ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Phenylalanine ; Mandatory Testing ; Parents ; Algorithms ; Phenylketonurias