Evidence is lacking from these trials concerning the optimal procedure for treatment of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures. Clinical trials comparing different treatment , especially as they relate to potential risk fractors such as fracture classification, should be explored.

Taken together,these reports suggestsom e benefitfrom operative com pared with nonoperative treatm entinthe care of displaced calcaneal fractures.In particular,the suggestion that operative care m ay im prove function in certainsubgroups ofpatients who do notreceive workers com pensation m ay be ofparticularclinicalbenefit.Additionalstudies usingpatient-oriented quality oflife m easures to verify the positive results ofsurgery in these subgroups are needed.

Objective To describe dislocation of the elbow with articular fracture of the distal humerus, a type of elbow fracture-dislocation about which little has been written. Methods Four patients with a dislocation of the elbow and fracture of the distal humerus were identified. Three had dislocation and complex intraarticular fracture of the capitellum, trochlea, and lateral epicondyle. Results Two patients (one treated with a second operation to address avascular necrosis of the capitellum) achieved a functional arc of elbow motion and one patient was lost after removal of the implants 3 months after fracture with documented healing. The fourth patient had a complex open fracture dislocation involving the entire articular surface. An attempt to salvage the articular surface resulted in deep infection. Extensive heterotopic bone led to arthrodesis of the elbow. Conclusions Dislocations of the elbow with articular fracture of the humerus are uncommon. Most injuries involve the capitellum, lateral trochlea, and lateral epicondyle. Open reduction and internal fixation of the distal humerus fracture can restore stability without repairing the medial collateral ligament.

We analyzed association between viewing two-dimensional computed tomography (2D CT) images in addition to radiographs with radial head treatment recommendations after accounting for patient and surgeon factors in a survey-based experiment. Methods: One hundred and fifty-four surgeons reviewed 15 patient scenarios with terrible triad fracture dislocations of the elbow. Surgeons were randomized to view either radiographs only or radiographs and 2D CT images. The scenarios randomized patient age, hand dominance, and occupation. For each scenario, surgeons were asked if they would recommend fixation or arthroplasty of the radial head. Multi-level logistic regression analysis identified variables associated with radial head treatment recommendations. Results: Reviewing 2D CT images in addition to radiographs had no statistical association with treatment recommendations. A higher likelihood of recommending prosthetic arthroplasty was associated with older patient age, patient occupation not requiring manual labor, surgeon practice location in the United States, practicing for five years or less, and the subspecialties “trauma” and “shoulder and elbow.” Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that in terrible triad injuries, the imaging appearance of radial head fractures has no measurable influence on treatment recommendations. Personal surgeon factors and patient demographic characteristics may have a larger role in surgical decision making. Level of evidence: Level III, therapeutic case-control study

Background: Knowledge of the base rate of signal changes consistent with distal biceps tendinopathy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to influence strategies for diagnosis and treatment of people that present with elbow pain. The aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of distal biceps tendon signal changes on MRIs of the elbow by indication for imaging. Methods: MRI data for 1,306 elbows were retrospectively reviewed for mention of signal change in distal biceps tendon. The reports were sorted by indication. Results: Signal changes consistent with distal biceps tendinopathy were noted in 197 of 1,306 (15%) patients, including 34% of patients with biceps pain, 14% of patients with unspecified pain, and 8% of patients with a specific non-biceps indication. Distal biceps tendon changes noted on radiology reports were associated with older age, male sex, and radiologists with musculoskeletal fellowship training. Conclusions The finding that distal biceps MRI signal changes consistent with tendinopathy are common even in asymptomatic elbows reduces the probability that symptoms correlate with pathology on imaging. The accumulation of signal changes with age, also independent of symptoms, suggests that tendon pathology persists after symptoms resolve, that some degree of distal biceps tendinopathy is common in a human lifetime, and that tendinopathy may often be accommodated without seeking care.Level of evidence: IV.