Important bioactive molecules are molecules that are pharmacologically active derived from natural sources and through chemical synthesis. Over the years many of such molecules have been discovered through bioprospective endeavours. The discovery of taxol from the pacific yew tree bark that has the ability in stabilising cellular microtubules represents one of the hallmarks of success of such endeavours. In recent years, the discovery process has been aided by the rapid development of techniques and technologies in chemistry and biotechnology. The progress in advanced genetics and computational biology has also transformed the way hypotheses are formulated as well as the strategies for drug discovery. Of equal importance is the use of advanced drug delivery vehicles in enhancing the efficacy and bioavailability of bioactive molecules. The availability of suitable animal models for testing and validation is yet another major determinant in increasing the prospect for clinical trials of bioactive molecules.

OBJECTIVES: Irrigants are imperative in endodontic therapy for the elimination of pathogens from the infected root canal. The present study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) with chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) for root canal disinfection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was obtained using serial dilution method. The agar diffusion method was then used to determine the zones of inhibition for each irrigant. Lastly, forty 6-mm dentin blocks were prepared from human mandibular premolars and inoculated with S. epidermidis. Samples were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 blocks and irrigated for 3 minutes with saline (control), 2% CHX, 3% NaOCl, or 0.1% OCT. Dentin samples were then collected immediately for microbial analysis, including an analysis of colony-forming units (CFUs). RESULTS: The MICs of each tested irrigant were 0.05% for CHX, 0.25% for NaOCl, and 0.0125% for OCT. All tested irrigants showed concentration-dependent increase in zones of inhibition, and 3% NaOCl showed the largest zone of inhibition amongst all tested irrigants (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the CFU measurements of 2% CHX, 3% NaOCl, and 0.1% OCT showing complete elimination of S. epidermidis in all samples. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that OCT was comparable to or even more effective than CHX and NaOCl, demonstrating antimicrobial activity at low concentrations against S. epidermidis.
Agar ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bicuspid ; Chlorhexidine ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Dentin ; Diffusion ; Disinfection ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Methods ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Sodium Hypochlorite ; Staphylococcus epidermidis ; Staphylococcus ; Stem Cells

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of root canal irrigants on the hydrophobicity and adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) to root canal dentin in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Root dentin blocks (n = 60) were randomly divided into 4 groups based on the irrigation regimen: group 1, saline; group 2, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); group 3, 5.25% NaOCl followed by 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); group 4, same as group 3 followed by 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). The hydrophobicity of S. epidermidis to root dentin was calculated by cell surface hydrophobicity while the adherence was observed by fluorescence microscopy, and bacteria were quantified using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health). Statistical analysis of the data was done using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test (p = 0.05). RESULTS: The hydrophobicity and adherence of S. epidermidis to dentin were significantly increased after irrigating with group 3 (NaOCl-EDTA) (p < 0.05), whereas in group 4 (NaOCl-EDTA-CHX) both hydrophobicity and adherence were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The adherence of S. epidermidis to dentin was influenced differently by root canal irrigants. Final irrigation with CHX reduces the bacterial adherence and may impact biofilm formation.
Academies and Institutes ; Bacteria ; Biofilms ; Chlorhexidine ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Dentin ; Edetic Acid ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; In Vitro Techniques ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Root Canal Irrigants ; Sodium Hypochlorite ; Staphylococcus epidermidis ; Staphylococcus