Objective To study imaging findings of Sturge-Weber syndrome. Methods The clinical manifestations and imaging findings of 11 cases suffered from Sturge-Weber syndrome were analysed. 10 cases had facial vascular nerves angioma in the trigeminal nerve distribation. Routine CT examination was performed in all 11 cases, 2 cases had head radiography and 8 cases had MRI, 5 cases had enhanced CT and 3 cases had enhanced MRI.Results Imaging finding included:on the affected hemisphere, cortical calcifications (n=11), brain atrophy (n=9), the interfaces between gray matter and white matter blured, dilated subependymal veins,enlargeel choroids plexus (n=7) and increasing thickness of cranial diploe (n=8). The choroids plexus of lateral ventricle was prominent enhanced in 5 cases. Enhancement of cortical areas and vessels on the surface of brain were noted in 6 cases. Conclusion Head radiography has finite effects in the diagnosis of Sturge-Weber syndrome, MRI combined with CT plays an important role in the diagnosis of this syndrome.

Objective To sum up the imaging features of tuberous sclerosis.Methods CT and MRI findings of brain in 20 patients with tuberous sclerosis proved by clinic,imaging or pathology were retrospectively studied. Results Among 20 cases,on CT,the lesions appeared as subependymal calcified noduli in 16 cases (multiple noduli in 14 cases and single nodule in 2) and subependymal uncalcified noduli in 2,the noduli were 2~12 mm in diameter,2 cases were normal.On MRI,the subependymal noduli were multiple in 19 cases and single in one case,the noduli were iso-or hypointensity on T1WI and iso-,hypo or hyperintensity on T2WI.In addition,the lesions within cortical or sub-cortical matter were demonstrated by MRI in 19 cases,and the abnormal signals were showed in local patterns of cortical tubers.The abnormal findings of white matter were radial linear or wedge-shaped or irregular type in 7 cases.The subependymal noduli were enhanced,and the most of cortical lesions were not enhanced after contrast-enhanced MR scans in 9 cases.Conclusion There are characteristic findings of tuberous sclerosis both on CT and MRI.

Objective To analyze the CT features of orbital bone benign tumor and tumor mimics,so that to improve the diagnostic accuracy of these diseases.Methods CT appearances of orbital bone benign tumor and tumor-like lesion in 32cases proved by surgery,pathology and clinical features were reviewed.The lesions included orbital bone benign tumor(n=17)and tumor-like lesions(n=15).Results On CT,orbital osteomas in 9 cases showed homogeneous high density and cavernous bone-like density or ground glass-like density;ossifying fibroma in 5 cases were well-defined expansion of bone with ossification,cystic areas within the lesions;epidermal cyst in 2 displayed cystic density ;calcification and ossification could be seen in 1 case of chondroma ;10 cases of fibrous dysplasia showed ground glass-like density with cystic areas in poor-defined expansion of bone;the osteolytic destruction with well-defined margin were founded in 3 cases of orbital Langerhans' cell histiocytosis;1 case of aneurismal bone cyst appeared as cystic and expansive lesion with thin bone shell;1 case of osteopetrosis showed homogeneous high density in orbital wall.Conclusion Various orbital bone benign tumor and tumor-like lesions have different CT features.CT scan can clearly demonstrate the extent,density,border and the relationship with adjacent tissue of these lesions.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of imaging appearances and diagnostic value of ciliochoroidal detachment.Methods Ultrasound,MRI and CT appearances of 19 cases of ciliochoroidal detachment were reviewed,which included 9 cases of serous ciliochoroidal detachment,7 cases of choroid hematoma,and 3 cases of ciliary body detachment.All cases were examined by both B ultrasound and MRI at the same time,11 of them were examined by CT.Results UItrasound showed membrane bulge of the eyeball wall with different extent in 9 cases of serous ciliochoroidal detachment.Its postzone connected the equator or close to optic disc and its prozone could not been detected by ultrasound.There was echofree fluid darkspace under detached membrane.MRI showed membrane detachment at both nasal side and temporal side of ocular annulation in 9 cases of ciliochoroidal detachment.The detached membrane was approximately symmetry,its anterior margin did not exceed ciliary body adhesion of ocular annnlation and its posterior margin stopped at posterior part of ocular annulafion.There was long T1 and long T2 signal under detached membrane.CT showed slight thickening of ocular annulafion and slightly increased density of eyeball in 5 cases of serous cilioehoroidal detachment.Ultrasound showed hemispheroid or curve bulge of eyeball wall,projected toward the vitreous cavity in 7 cases of choroid hematoma,and there was an amount of low echo light spot under the detached membrane.Both MRI (7 cases)and CT (5 cases) showed hemispheroid,fusfform or curve bulge on the nasal side,temporal side and posterior part of ocular annulation.They appeared as isodensity or slight high density on CT,iso- or high signal on T1 WI and T2WI.Stratification was seen on T2WI in I case of choroid hematoma.Ciliary body detachment could not been detected by either MBI (3 cases) or CT (1 case) except ultrasound.Conclusion Imaging examination may provide reliable diagnostic evidence for ciliochoroidal detachment.

Objective To explore the imaging characteristics of seminomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) and its pathological foundation. Methods CT and MR imaging manifestations in 25 cases of testicular germ cell tumors proved by pathological examinations were analyzed retrospectively. All tumors were divided into seminomas group (12 cases) and NSGCT group (13 cases). In the seminomas group, 5 cases were examined by CT and 4 of those also had contrast enhanced CT. Seven cases had MRI and 4 of those had dynamic enhanced MRI. In the NSGCT group, 5 were examined by plain CT in which two were by contrast enhanced CT, eight were by MRI in which 4 were by dynamic enhanced MRI. CT or MRI characteristics (morphology, density or intensity, enhancement) in both groups were analyzed by Fisher test. Results Histological examination revealed 25 intratesticular lesions. In 12 seminomas, 10 showed a nodular/lobulated shape, 5 showed a mixed density or intensity. In 13 NSGCT, only one lesion showed a lobular shape, 11 showed a mixed density or intensity. Seven seminomas showed a low signal on T2WI on MRI while only two NSGCT showed this sign. In four lesions underwent dynamic MRI scanning, 3 showed fibrous septum enhancement while no lesions in NSGCT showed this sign. The occurrence rate of the above imaging characteristics in both group was significantly different (P<0.05). Conclusion Seminomas and NSGCT may have their own CT and MRI characteristics, which may be of great value for differential diagnosis .

Objective To assess the anatomic morphology of the connective structures among brain ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) movement in them by CSF spin-labeling MR imaging. Methods According to the order of registration, 50 healthy volunteers were randomly selected and received cerebrospinal fluid spin-labeling MR scan with time-spatial labeling inversion recovery single-shot fast spin echo sequence (SLIR-SSFSE). The tagged CSF was used as an endogenous tracer. The anatomic morphology of the connective structures of brain ventricles and the flow direction of CSF were observed. The longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of bilateral foramina of monro, midbrain aqueduct, and the central and bilateral lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle of each subject were measured and calculated based on multiple measurements. The flow rate of CSF was calculated based on the flow distance of CSF in the connective structures between brain ventricles during different TI time. The mean value of each indicator was acquired. Results Two-way flow state of CSF was observed in all connective structures, including bilateral foramina of monro, midbrain aqueduct, and the central and bilateral lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle. On the coronal planes, foramen of monro appears as a "Y"-type tubular structure locating among the both sides of the anteriomedial thalamus and fornix, which connect upward with bilateral lateral ventricles and downward with the third ventricle. The longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of the left side of foramen of monro were 3.50-5.50 mm[mean (4.37 ±0.47)mm]and 1.00-1.40 mm[mean(1.21 ±0. 13) mm], respectively. The longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of the right side of foramen of monro were 4. 20-4. 80 mm[mean(4.42 ± 0.20) mm]and 1.00-1.60 mm[mean (1.21 ±0. 19) mm], respectively. On the sagittal planes, foramen of monro appeared as an oblique fine tubular structure with the angle of 55°-58° between the both sides. CSF flow velocity towards the foot was 1.61-2. 52 mm/s[mean (2. 00 ± 0. 17) mm/s]in the left side of foramen of monro and 1.93-2. 20 mm/s [mean (2.03 ±0.09) mm/s]in the right side of foramen of monro. On the sagittal planes, midbrain aqueduct appeared as a curved tubular structure through diencephalon, with the longitudinal diameter of 9.90-17.30 mm[mean(15.51 ± 1.70) mm]and the transverse diameter of 1.70-2.30 mm[mean (1.92 ± 0. 17)mm]. In midbrain aqueduct, CSF flow velocity towards the foot was about 5.00-8.74 mm/s[mean (7.84 ±0.86) mm/s]and towards the head was about 3.84-6.71 mm/s[mean (6. 01 ±0. 66) mm/s]. On the sagittal plane, the central apertures of the fourth ventricle appeared as a fork-like tubular structure, with a small bifurcation forward to the central canal of the medulla oblongata and a posterior branch downward to cerebellomedullary cistern. On the coronal plane, lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle appeaed as curved tubular structures connecting the lateral horn of the fourth ventricle and cerebellomedullary cistern. The longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of the left lateral aperture were 6.30-14. 60 mm[mean (10.42 ±2.88) mm]and 1.00-1.50 mm[mean (1.24 ±0.18) mm],respectively; of the right lateral aperture, they were 6. 20-15.50 mm[mean (12. 13 ± 3.05) mm]and 1.00-1.40 mm[mean(1.19 ±0. 13) mm], respectively. The angle range between the left and right lateral aperture was from 87° to 114°. CSF flow velocity towards the foot was about 2. 89-6. 70 mm/s[mean (4. 78 ± 1.32) mm/s]in the left lateral aperture and 2. 84-7.11 mm/s[mean (5.56 ±1.40) mm/s]in the right lateral aperture. Conclusions CSF spin-labeling MR imaging could display the anatomic morphology of the connective structure among brain ventricles and could be used for noninvasively assessing CSF movement.

Objective To investigate radiation dose diffent type of anesthesia affected radiation dose when we do interventional therapy for child patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).Methods From 201 1 to 2014,we collected 50 children(3-6 years old)with PDA which received interventional therapy were included in the study.They were divided into two groups:group A (25 cases,male/fe-male=7/18,mean weight=1 5.32 kg±2.41 5 kg)underwent interventional therapy of PDA under general anesthesia,and group B (25 cases,male/female=13/12,mean weight=1 6.40 kg±2.056 kg)using local anesthesia.The surgery were operated by the same doctor,we used DSA children cardiovascular film AE mode (ped CARD)to monitor the surgery,image frames 1 5-30 f/s,used the non-ionic contrast agent (Iodixanol 320 mg I/mL)and recorded the child cumulative incidence of skin surface dose (AK),dose area product(DAP),and time of fluoroscopy,and do statistical analysis.Results All 50 cases were performed the surgery successfully. There were no significant difference of age,weight and gender between groups (age:t=1.924,P =0.06;weight:t =1.703,P =0.095;gender:χ2 =3.00,P =0.083).The cumulative incidence of skin surface dose (AK),dose area product (DAP)and time of fluoroscopy were (0.061±0.025)Gy,(5.08±2.19)Gy·cm2 and (3.15±1.16)min in A group,and (0.094±0.046)Gy,(8.41±3.587)Gy·cm2 , (6.86±3.27)min in B group.The sequence and image number of two groups were same.There were significantly differences of cumulative incidence of skin surface dose (AK),dose area product (DAP)and time of fluoroscopy between two groups (AK:t =3.152,P =0.003;DAP:t =3.957,P =0.000;time of fluoroscopy:t =5.346,P =0.000).The radiation doses of A group significantly lower than B group,compared with B group,the radiation dose were 40 percent [(1-5.08/8.41)%]lower in A group,the 1.1 7 times discrepancy of time of fluoroscopy between two group [(3.1 5-6.86)/3.1 5].Conclusion Radiation dose is associated with type of anesthesia. Compared with local anesthesia,radiation dose reduced 40% using general anesthesia during interventional therapy for PDA.

Objective To explore the imaging characteristics of testicular germ cell tumors and to improve the MRI diagnostic level. Methods MRI and clinical data of 25 cases confirmed testicular germ cell tumor by pathological examination were retrospectively analyzed. All the 25 cases were performed plain scan of MRI,and 16 patients underwent MRI enhanced scan.The size,morphology,signal intensity, adjacent structures,enhancement figure and tumor supplying artery were assessed and the histopathological findings were servered as the standard of reference.Results In the all 25 testicular germ cell tumors,10 cases were seminoma,8 cases showed homogeneous low signal intensity,2 cases of seminoma were low signal intensity on T2 WI,furthermore 5 cases performed poor nodular enhance-ment,2 cases performed homogeneous enhancement,4 cases performed fibrous septa enhancement.4 cases were yolk sac tumor ap-peared equal-low signal on T1 WI,slightly high signal intensity on T2 WI and progressive enhancement.Mature teratoma,pidermoid cyst and mixed germ cell tumor were 3 cases respectively,the MRI demonstrated mixed low signal intensity on T1 WI and mixed high signal on T2 WI.2 cases were embryonal carcinoma demonstrated middle-low signal intensity on T1 WI,and mixed low signal intensity on T2 WI.The two cases revealed bleeding signal intensity and septa enhancement.Conclusion MRI can be used to diagnose germ cell tumors with high accuracy,and provides essential information for pathological type,stage and differential diagnosis.

Objective To investigate the galectin-3 expression in squamous carcinioma of esophagus and analyze its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics.Methods S-P immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of galectin-3 in 80 paraffin-embedded specimens of esophageal carcinoma and 22 specimens of normal tissues adjacent to the benigh lesions of esophagus.RT-PCR was performed to detect galectin-3 mRNA expression in 36 pairs of fresh squamous carcinoma tissues and corresponding adjacent normal mucosa.Results Out of 80 specimens of squamous carcinoma of esophagus,62 specimens had positive expression of galectin-3,with the positive rate of 77.5%(62/80)that was significantly higher than 27.27% in normal esophageal tissues(6/22,P

Objective To study the diagnostic value of MRCP in cholangiocarcinoma.Methods MRCP in 39 patients with cholangiocarcinoma comfirmed by surgery and pathology were performed on a GE 1.5T superconductive MR imaging unit before operations.Results MRCP imagings with diagnostic value were obtained in 39 cases,MRCP accurately showed the obstructive positions confirmed by surgery and pathology in all cases (100%).The qualitative rate of cholangiocarcinoma was 97%(38/39).Conclusion MRCP can not only accurately show the position of cholangiocarcinoma but also make accuracy diagnosis.