Objective To assess the anatomic morphology of the connective structures among brain ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) movement in them by CSF spin-labeling MR imaging. Methods According to the order of registration, 50 healthy volunteers were randomly selected and received cerebrospinal fluid spin-labeling MR scan with time-spatial labeling inversion recovery single-shot fast spin echo sequence (SLIR-SSFSE). The tagged CSF was used as an endogenous tracer. The anatomic morphology of the connective structures of brain ventricles and the flow direction of CSF were observed. The longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of bilateral foramina of monro, midbrain aqueduct, and the central and bilateral lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle of each subject were measured and calculated based on multiple measurements. The flow rate of CSF was calculated based on the flow distance of CSF in the connective structures between brain ventricles during different TI time. The mean value of each indicator was acquired. Results Two-way flow state of CSF was observed in all connective structures, including bilateral foramina of monro, midbrain aqueduct, and the central and bilateral lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle. On the coronal planes, foramen of monro appears as a "Y"-type tubular structure locating among the both sides of the anteriomedial thalamus and fornix, which connect upward with bilateral lateral ventricles and downward with the third ventricle. The longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of the left side of foramen of monro were 3.50-5.50 mm[mean (4.37 ±0.47)mm]and 1.00-1.40 mm[mean(1.21 ±0. 13) mm], respectively. The longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of the right side of foramen of monro were 4. 20-4. 80 mm[mean(4.42 ± 0.20) mm]and 1.00-1.60 mm[mean (1.21 ±0. 19) mm], respectively. On the sagittal planes, foramen of monro appeared as an oblique fine tubular structure with the angle of 55°-58° between the both sides. CSF flow velocity towards the foot was 1.61-2. 52 mm/s[mean (2. 00 ± 0. 17) mm/s]in the left side of foramen of monro and 1.93-2. 20 mm/s [mean (2.03 ±0.09) mm/s]in the right side of foramen of monro. On the sagittal planes, midbrain aqueduct appeared as a curved tubular structure through diencephalon, with the longitudinal diameter of 9.90-17.30 mm[mean(15.51 ± 1.70) mm]and the transverse diameter of 1.70-2.30 mm[mean (1.92 ± 0. 17)mm]. In midbrain aqueduct, CSF flow velocity towards the foot was about 5.00-8.74 mm/s[mean (7.84 ±0.86) mm/s]and towards the head was about 3.84-6.71 mm/s[mean (6. 01 ±0. 66) mm/s]. On the sagittal plane, the central apertures of the fourth ventricle appeared as a fork-like tubular structure, with a small bifurcation forward to the central canal of the medulla oblongata and a posterior branch downward to cerebellomedullary cistern. On the coronal plane, lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle appeaed as curved tubular structures connecting the lateral horn of the fourth ventricle and cerebellomedullary cistern. The longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of the left lateral aperture were 6.30-14. 60 mm[mean (10.42 ±2.88) mm]and 1.00-1.50 mm[mean (1.24 ±0.18) mm],respectively; of the right lateral aperture, they were 6. 20-15.50 mm[mean (12. 13 ± 3.05) mm]and 1.00-1.40 mm[mean(1.19 ±0. 13) mm], respectively. The angle range between the left and right lateral aperture was from 87° to 114°. CSF flow velocity towards the foot was about 2. 89-6. 70 mm/s[mean (4. 78 ± 1.32) mm/s]in the left lateral aperture and 2. 84-7.11 mm/s[mean (5.56 ±1.40) mm/s]in the right lateral aperture. Conclusions CSF spin-labeling MR imaging could display the anatomic morphology of the connective structure among brain ventricles and could be used for noninvasively assessing CSF movement.

Objective To study the clinical and pathological features of primary nephrotic syndrome in elderly patients.Methods Clinical data of patients with primary nephrotic syndrome aged ≥ 60 years underwent renal biopsy were retrospectively analyzed and patients with primary nephrotic syndrome aged ＜60 years were selected as control group.Results Male patients with primary nephrotic syndrome were common in the elderly group and control group,and there was no significant difference in gender composition between the two groups (62.0％ vs.61.5 ％,P＞0.05).The degree of edema and hypertension,levels of blood urea nitrogen,serum albumin,blood IgG and ratio of IgG /IgM were higher while levels of urinary protein and blood cholesterol were lower in elderly group than in control group (all P ＜ 0.05).No significant differences in the incidence of hematuria,serum levels of creatinine,IgA,and complement were found between the two groups (all P＞0.05).The risk of primary nephrotic syndrome was higher in elderly group than in control group (P＜0.01).The level change of blood IgG was positively associated with plasma albumin,while negatively associated with urinary protein and blood cholesterol in both groups (r=0.327,-0.147,-2.860,respectively,all P＜0.05).Membranous nephropathy was the most common type in elderly patients,accounting for 49.77％,while only accounting for 23.6％ in control group,which had a significant difference between the 2 groups (x2 =62.390,P ＜ 0.01).Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis was common in both groups,but no significant difference(x2 =62.390,P＞0.05).Conclusions Male patients are more common than female patients in primary nephrotic syndrome.The clinical manifestations including urinary protein and serum albumin are milder but the risk is much greater in elderly patients than in the non-elderly patients.The change of blood IgG level is associated with urine albumin,plasma albumin and plasma cholesterol.Membranous nephropathy is the most common type followed by mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in elderly patients with nephrotic syndrome.

Objective To explore the imaging differences of vertebral multiple myeloma(VMM)and vertebral osteolytic metastasis on CT. Methods Review the imaging signs of 32 patients with VMM and 52 patients with vertebral osteolytic metastasis,then record and finally statistical analysis was carried out.Results Compare to 1 67 vertebras involved in 52 cases of vertebral metastasis,the patents with VMM had 220 vertebras involved.The incidence of the multiple small circular type of bone destruction in VMM was 42.66%(93/218),which was higher than that in vertebral metastasis 0.00% (0/165)(χ2 =92.963,P =0.000).The incidence of the irregular shape type of bone destruction in VMM was 23.39% (5 1/218),while it was higher in patients with vertebral metastasis 45.45%(75/165)(χ2 =20.704,P=0.000).It was also found that the incidence of the fragmentary type of bone destruction and the involvement of the unilateral pedicle in VMM were lower than that in patients with vertebral metastasis 8.7% (19/218 )& 27.27% (45/165)(χ2 =23.238,P =0.000), 6.82% (1 5/220)& 1 7.96% (30/1 67)(χ2 =1 1.477,P =0.001).The incidence of the crest protrusion type of bone destruction in patients with VMM was 16.06% (35/218),however it was 9.10% (15/165)(χ2 =4.013,P =0.045)in vertebral osteolytic metastasis. Conclusion The imaging features of VMM and vertebral osteolytic metastasis had certain characteristic.And they can be differentiated from each other,combining with clinical traits.

Objective The purpose of the study was to characterize the X-ray and CT findings of ameloblastomas of the jaw.Meth-ods X-ray (n=9)and CT (n=20)findings of 20 patients with pathologically proven ameloblastomas of the jaw were obtained.Image features included location,size,shape,density of the lesion,and changes of adjacent bone were assessed.Results 1 9 cases were located in the mandible,including 10 cases in the molar-ramus region,four cases in the whole half of the mandible body,two cases in the whole half of the mandible body and the opposide mantum,one case in the whole mandible body,two cases in the anterior teeth region and mantum.One case was located in the molar region of the maxilla.Three cases were uniocular and 17 cases were multiocular in shape.All lesions caused expansile changes in the adjacent bone,including expanding towards the lip and bucca(n=15),the lingua(n=3),and expanding uniformly(n=2).The interruptions of the surrounding bone cortex were demonstrated in 1 9 cases.Conclusion There are some characteristic imaging find-ings for ameloblastomas of the jaw.Correct preoperation dignosis can be made on the basis of imaging findings.

The effects of gradual tibia lengthening at different speeds on the histomorphology of tibial nerve were studied in 30 rabbits by self-made external distraction device. It was showed that the leg was tracted at the speed of 1 mm/d, the tibial nerve was lengthened correspondingly. Gradual stress could stimulate the growth of nervous tissue and no nervous functional and constructural injuries were found When the leg was distracted at the speed of 2 mm/d, limb elongation within 40% was safe, otherwise, severe nervous damage would occur.

Objective To study diffusion characteristic, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) technique and its value in lumbar osteolytic metastases. Methods Twenty patients with lumbar osteolytic metastases and 20 controls were performed with sagittal SE T_1WI, FSE T_2WI, fat saturation FSE T_2WI(FS-FSE T_2WI)and single-shot spin-echo echoplanar DWI, respectively. Contrast noise ratios (CNRs) of the metastases on various series were compared. On DWI, signal attenuation ratios (SARs) and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of lumbar osteolytic metastases and normal vertebrae were analyzed. Results (1) Routine MRI appearance: There were 23 lesions in the 20 patients. The signal intensity of all lesions showed hypointense on SE T_1WI, hyperintense on FS-FSE T_2WI and DWI, and mixed signal intensity (5 cases), isointense (12 cases) or slight hyperintense (6 cases) on FSE T_2WI. (2) CNR: The CNRs of patient group on FSE T_2WI(5.70?3.82)were lower than those on SE T_1WI(25.62?11.73), FS-FSE T_2WI(23.37?7.48)and DWI (b=600 s/mm2)(24.69?9.87)(U values were 5.393, 6.359, and 5.547, respectively,P

Objective To study the risk factor and prognosis of concurrent depression in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods Two hundred and ninety-five AMI patients who received PCI and whose clinical data were complete were selected. Depression was determined by a self-rating scale (SDS), and was confirmed when SDS standard score≥53 scores. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the ages:senium (age ≥ 60 years, 144 cases) group and younger group (age<60 years, 151 cases). Multiple Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the related factors of depression. The patients were followed up for 1 year, and the rehospitalization rate, incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at 12 months were compared. Results The incidence of depression in senium group was significantly higher than that in younger group: 41.7%(60/144) vs. 21.2%(32/151), and there was statistical difference (P<0.05). Female gender, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus were the independent risk factor for depression in patients with AMI after PCI (P<0.05). In senium group, the rehospitalization rate and incidence of MACE in patients with depression were significantly higher than those in patients without depression: 18.3% (11/60) vs. 6.0% (5/84) and 15.0% (9/60) vs. 4.8%(4/84), the LVEF was significantly lower than that in patients without depression:(41.50 ± 2.25)%vs. (49.76 ± 2.93)%, and there were statistical differences (P<0.05). The LVEF in patients with depression of senium group was significantly lower than that in patients with depression of younger group:(41.50 ± 2.25)%vs. (51.50 ± 2.32)%, and there was statistical difference (P<0.05). Conclusions The elderly AMI patients treated with PCI have higher rates of depression. Female gender, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus are the important risk factor for depression after PCI. Depression has a significant effect on the prognosis of AMI patients, especially on LVEF in elderly patients.

Purpose To investigate the diameter change of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in lumbar disc herniation using three-dimensional MR neurography. Materials and Methods Sixty-ifve patients with lumbar disc herniation and 30 healthy volunteers were selected. Bilateral DRG diameter was measured using MR three-dimensional constructive interference steady state (3D-CISS) sequence at the level of L3-S1 in the control group and at the level of herniation disc in patient group including central and lateral subgroups. The relationship between the sagittal index and DRG diameter at the level of herniation disc was analyzed. Results In the control group, the DRG diameters increased from the level of L3 to S1. The DRG diameters of the central subgroup were bigger than those of the control group (t=-2.485--2.253, P<0.05). The DRG diameters of the lateral subgroup were bigger on the diseased side than the contralateral side (t=1.956-2.432, P<0.05). The DRG diameters of the contralateral side in lateral subgroup were slightly bigger than those of control group without statistical signiifcance (t=-1.248--0.981, P>0.05). The sagittal index was not correlated with DRG diameter. Conclusion 3D-CISS sequence clearly demonstrates morphological changes of lumbosacral nerve root and measures its diameter.

Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic value of non-contrast-enhanced MR venography (NCE-MRV) for Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). Materials and Methods NCE-MRV and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) examination were performed in thirty-five patients with suspected BCS. The diagnostic agreement between them were compared. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, negative predictive value and positive predictive value were also calculated. Results In all 35 patients, 32 were diagnosed as BCS on DSA, and 33 on NCE-MRV. DSA showed inferior vena cava membrane stenosis in 8 patients compared to 10 on NCE-MRV;membrane obstruction in 7 compared to 6 on NCE-MRV, segmental stenosis in 3 compared to 4 on NCE-MRV;segmental obstruction in 10 compared to 10 on NCE-MRV, IVC thrombosis in 5 compared to 5 on NCE-MRV. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, negative predictive value and positive predictive value of NCE-MRV in diagnosing BCS were 100.0%, 67.8%, 97.1%, 100.0%and 96.9%, respectively. There was good intra-modality agreement (Kappa=0.89). NCE-MRV also demonstrated intra-hepatic collaterals in 30 patients, extra-hepatic collaterals in 27 cases, and accessory hepatic veins in 25 cases. Conclusion NCE-MRV has excellent diagnostic agreement with DSA in diagnosing inferior vena cava lesion in patients with BCS. It may be used in noninvasive diagnosis.

Objective This study was to investigate the computed tomography(CT)features differentiating tuberculous spondyli-tis from pyogenic spondylitis.Methods The CT features in 32 patients with tuberculous spondylitis and 30 patients with pyogenic spondylitis were retrospectively reviewed,and statistically analyzed.Results In 32 cases of tuberculous spondylitis,71 vertebra were involved.In 30 cases of pyogenic spondylitis,59 vertebra were involved.The incidence of thoracic vertebra involvement in tuberculous spondylitis was 60.56% (43/71),which was higher than that in pyogenic spondylitis (25.42%,1 5/59)(P <0.05).The incidence of lumbar vertebra involvement in tuberculous spondylitis was 33.80% (24/71 ),which was lower than that in pyogenic spondylitis (61.02%,36/59)(P <0.05).The incidence of the worm-eaten type of bone destruction in tuberculous spondylitis was 9.90% (7/71),which was lower than that in pyogenic spondylitis (44.07%,26/59)(P <0.05).The incidence of the fragmentary type of bone destruction in tuberculous spondylitis was 1 9.72%(14/71 ),which was higher than that of in pyogenic spondylitis (3.39%,2/59) (P <0.05).The incidence of large osteosclerosis in tuberculous spondylitis was 52.1 1%(37/71),which was higher than that in pyo-genic sp-ondylitis (22.03%,13/59),(P <0.05).The incidence of the involved vertebral height on sagital CT scan (less than the 1/2 of the normal vertebral height)in tuberculous spondylitis was 1 6.9% (12/71),which was lower than that in pyogenic spondylits (62.71%,37/59)(P <0.05).The incidence of patchy high density shadow in tuberculous spondylitis was 50.7% (36/71 ),which was higher than that in pyoge-nic spondylitis (20.34%,12/59)(P <0.05.)The incidence of the involvement of the appendages in tu-berculous spondylitis was 25.35% (18/71),which was higher than that in pyogenic spondylitis (8.47%,5/59)(P <0.05).The inci-dence of paravertebral abnormal soft tissue with calcification in tuberculous spondylitis was 60.00%(18/30),which was higher than that in pyogenic spondylitis(20.00%,5/25 )(P < 0.05 ).Conclusion Tuberculous spondylitis and pyogenic spondylitis have some characteristic imaging features,combined with the clinical signs differentiation diagnosis can be made each other.