Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of peroral direct cholangioscopy (PDCS) by freehand intubation using routine straight-view endoscope for diagnosis and therapy of biliary diseases.Methods Patients with bile duct dilation underwent standard ERCP and native papilla was dilated using EST and/or endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation,according to the size of the papilla.Then peroral direct cholangioscopy was performed by freehand intubation using routine straight-view endoscope.General data of patients,procedure of ERCP,diagnosis of PDCS and complications were recorded.Results A total of 5 patients underwent PDCS.Indications included common bile duct stones (n =2),intraductal papillary neoplasm of bile buct (n =2) and benign biliary stricture after removable metal stent placement (n =1).The diameter of common bile duct ranges from 1.2 cm to 2.4 cm.EST or/and EPLBD was required in 3/5 patients to facilitate PDCS.Freehand PDCS intubation of the bile duct was successful in all procedures (1 case into distal common bile duct,4 cases into proximal common bile duct).Complications were cholangitis managed with intavenous antibiotics (n =1).No procedure related death occurred.Conclusion Freehand PDCS is technically feasible and safe,and may be clinically useful for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in managing select biliary tract diseases.

Objective To investigate the risk factors of death in patients with severe acute pancreatitis within 24 hours after admission. Methods Sixty patients with severe acute pancreatitis admitted from Jan. 2000 to Dec. 2003 were divided into two groups , death group 21 cases and survival group 39 cases. Clinical and laboratory data within 24 hours after admission of those patients were analyzed retrospectively, and Logistic regression analysis was performed. Results The average age in death group was (66.6?16.1)years,breath rate in admission (29?9)/min, urine volume within 24 hours(1062?815) ml,serum creatinine(190.6?120.1) ?mol/L, arterial pressure of O2 (58.5?17.3) mm Hg, APACHE Ⅱ score 19.3?7.5;while correspondent data in survival group were (52.4?13.1) years,(20?2)/min, (1648?575) ml, (94.4?56.0) ?mol/L,(78.8?18.0) mm Hg and 9.1?2.0,respectively. Significant differences were existed between two groups(P

Objective To investigate the methods and strategies of therapeutic ERCP in patients with duodenum stricture.Methods Endoscopic procedure,success rate and complications in patients with duodenum stricture who underwent ERCP were retrospectively analyzed.Results In 7276 patients who underwent therapeutic ERCP,duodenum stricture was found in 158 (2.17％),patients with malignant tumor infiltration in 120 and benign stricture in 38.The total success rate of ERCP and biliary drainage was 84.2％,with posture change or guidewire leading method in 96 patients,stylolitic water sac dilation in 33and duodenum metal stent placement before biliary drainage in 4.The procedure was failed in 25 patients.Minor bleeding occurred in 5 patients and no major complication including massive bleeding or perforation was observed.Conclusion ERCP is safe,effective and feasible for patients with duodenum stricture,which can be performed by posture change or guidewire leading method in mild stricture,and stylolitic water sac dilation or duodenum metal stent placement in severe stricture.

Objective To evaluate modified shortened scope for ERCP procedure in swine animal model.Methods A total of 17 male pigs were divided into the conventional endoscope group (shortened scope used on human,n =8) and the modified endoscope group (modified shortened scope,n =9).The success rates,time of access to the pylorus,biliary or pancreatic orifice,the cannulation time of biliary or pancreatic duct,the stenting time of biliary or pancreatic duct,the total time of procedure and the X-ray exposure time were compared between the two groups.Results The success rates were 2/8 and 9/9 in the conventional endoscope group and the modified endoscope group,respectively(P =0.002).There were significantly differences of the cannulation time of biliary duct(180.00 ± 37.89 s VS 55.22 ± 11.56 s,P =0.000),cannulation time of pancreatic duct(55.22 ± 11.56 s VS 56.56 ±29.19 s,P =0.015),the time of access to pancreatic orifice(21.50 ±7.33 min VS4.67 ±2.63 min,P =0.000) and the total time of procedure(55.13 ±5.64 min VS 31.67 ±8.25 min,P =0.000) between the two groups.There were no significant differences in the time of passing through the pylorus,the time of finding biliary orifice,the stenting time of biliary or pancreatic duct or the X-ray exposure time between the two groups.Conclusion The modified shortened scope can improve the success rate of short scope position,facilitate locating biliary or pancreatic orifice,improve the success rate of pancreatic duct cannulation and shorten the cannulation time of biliary or pancreatic duct and the total operation time.

Objective To investigate the effects of trichostatin A (TSA) on cell proliferation and cell cycle in human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 in vitro and its mechanism. Methods SGC-7901 cells were treated with 0.1, 0.5 and 2.0 μmol/L of TSA for 24 hrs. Growth inhibition rates of cells were measured by MTT assay and cell cycles were detected by flow cytometery (FCM). Expressions of cyclin D1 and p21 mRNA were measured by real-time PCR. Results The proliferations of SGC-7901 cells were inhibited when treated with TSA for 24 hrs. The inhibition rates in groups treat with 0.1, 0.5 or 2.0 μmol/L of TSA were 3.52%±6.11%, 13.29%±4.13% or 14.24%±2.80% ,respectively. The cell percentage of G0/G1 phase were higher in 0. 5 pznol/L group (71.26%±0.51%) and 2.0 μmol/L group (71.03%±0.12%) compared with control group (51.12%±1.17%). The cell percentage of S phase were lower in 0.5 μmol/L group (13.55%±0.44%) and 2.0 μmol/L group (10.63%±0.63%) compared with control group (34.60%±0.60%). The expression of cyclin D1 mRNA was down-regulated, whereas p21 mRNA expression was up-regulated. Conclusions TSA inhibits SCG-7901 gastric cancer cell proliferation by affecting the cell cycle control gene eyclin D1 and p21 mRNA expressions, which induce G0/G1 cell phase cycle arrest and ultimately impact on the growth of tumor cells.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of mouth care combined with intestinal and endoscopic working channel washing for ERCP related cholangitis.Methods A total of 573 patients diagnosed as having obstructive jaundice were randomized into three groups,190 cases in the control group,192 in the saline group and 191 in the amikacin group.Clinical and laboratory data were collected before ERCP and ERCP related cholangitis were recorded.Results There were no significant differences among the three groups in sex,age,the level of obstruction,the category of obstruction,total bilirubin or WBC counting.The incidences of ERCP related cholangitis were 21.1％ (40/190),13.5％ (26/192) and 4.7％ (9/191)in control group,saline group and amikacin group respectively,which was significantly different (x2 =22.409,P =0.000 ).The incidences of ERCP related cholangitis were 19.5％ ( 65/333 ) and 4.2％(10/240) in patients diagnosed as having hilar duct obstruction and low positioned biliary obstruction respectively (x2 =27.175,P =0.000).There was no significant difference in ERCP related cholangitis between benign and malignant biliary obstruction.Subgroup of hilar duct obstruction showed the incidences of ERCP related cholangitis were 29.7％ (33/111 ),20.5％ (24/117)and 7.6％ (8/105)in the control group,the saline group and the amikacin group,respectively (x2 =16.905,P =0.000).Conclusion The incidence of ERCP related cholangitis is relatively higher in patients with hilar duct obstruction.Mouth care combined with intestinal and endoscopic working channel washing can effectively reduce the incidence of ERCP related cholangitis,especially in the amikacin group.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility and safety of endoscopic intraductal radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for unresectable malignant biliary strictures.MethodsA total of 12 patients with malignant biliary obstructions,who were unsuitable for surgical resection,were prospectively selected for this study.During ERCP,when successful biliary cannulation achieved,a bipolar radiofrequency probe was introduced into bile duct over a guidewire.RFA was given to the tumor lesion under fluoroscopy,followed by stent placement.The patients were closely observed and followed up after the procedure.ResultsSuccessful RFA was achieved in all patients before stents insertion ( plastic and metal stents in 6 respectively,additional pancreatic stents were given to 3).Mild complications of cholangitis and pancreatitis occurred in 1 patient respectively,which were cured with short-term management.Jaundice was promptly controlled in 7 patients (58.3％ ).During the mean follow-up duration of 3.4 (range 0.5-5.5) months,one patient died of cardiocerebral accident and others survived without obvious disconffort.The 1- month and 3- month stent patency was 100％ (12/12) and 80％ (8/10),respectively.ConclusionIt is technically feasible and safe to perform endoscopic intraductal RFA for the palliation of biliary malignancies.The short-term outcome is satisfying,however,long-term result and the better therapeutic schedule need further evaluation.

Objective To investigate the early risk factors of the formation of pancreatic pseudocysts after severe acute pancreatitis. Methods One hundred patients with severe acute pancreatitis admitted from Jul. 2005 to Mar. 2007 were included. Clinical and laboratory data within 24 hours of admission and radiological tests of chest, abdominal dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography and abdominal ultrasound within 3 days after admission were analyzed and multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed. Results 30 patients developed pancreatic pseudocysts and the incidence of pancreatic pseudocysts in the clinical course of severe acute pancreatitis was 30%. There were significant difference between group A (pancreatic pseudocyst group) and group B (non-pancreatic pseudocyst group) in serum albumin[(33.23±4.810g/L vs (36.07±4.92)g/L], CT severity index (CTSI) (3~6 vs 2~4 points) ,length of hospital stay[(26.83±19.760) day vs (14.51±7.71) days, (P<0.05)]. Meanwhile, there were no significant differences between the two groups in age, gender proportion, body temperature, heart rate, breath rate and mean arterial pressure in admission,urine volume within 24 hours, early defaecation within 24 hours after admission, blood routine, liver function, kidney function, electrolytes, blood cholesterol and triglycerol, PT, APTr, arterial blood gas analysis, blood amylase, C-reaction protein, APACHE Ⅱ, RANSON scoring, early ascites and pleural effusion. But multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that the serum albumin and CTSI were associated with the formation of pancreatic pseudocysts after severe acute pancreatids. Conclusions The serum albumin and CTSI were the independent risk factors of the formation of pancreatic pseudocysts after severe acute pancreatitis.

Objective To investigate the expression of melatonin MT1 receptor in rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) and the protective effects of melatonin (MT) pre-intervention for the pancreas. Methods Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups:sham-operation group, ANP group and MT-pretreated group. The models of ANP were induced by retrograde injection sodium taurocholate into the bili-pancreatic duct. MT group undergoing intraperitoneal injection 50 mg/kg 30 minutes before the establishment of ANP models. Four, 8 and 12 hours after the onset of operation, the levels of serum amylase and pathological changes of the pancreas were observed. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) in the pancreas were measured. The expression of MT1 protein and MT1 mRNA in pancreas were separately analyzed by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Results (1) Pancreatic pathological damage in ANP groups was progressive exacerbated. It was obviously ameliorated in MT group as compared with ANP group ( P ＜ 0.05 ); (2) Compared with SO group, the levels of serum amylase, MDA and TNFα in the pancreas were significantly increased in ANP group (P ＜0.05 or P ＜0.01 ). They were markedly decreased in MT group as compared with ANP group [ 12 h, (2348.00 ±278.90)U/L vs (3194. 83 ±538.10)U/L,(2.255 ± 0.472 ) μmol/L vs ( 2.960 ± 0.722 ) μ mol/L, ( 102.929 ± 29.399 ) ng/L vs ( 378. 544 ±183.454)ng/L, P ＜ 0.05 ]. The level of SOD was decreased in ANP group compared with SO group (P ＜0.05) and increased in MT group[ 12h, (11.448 ± 1.594)U/L vs (8.427 ± 1.950)U/L, P＜0.05] ;(3)Compared with SO group, the expression of MT1 protein and MT1 mRNA in ANP group were down-regulated as the severity of the disease increased ( P ＜ 0.05 ). They were significantly higher in MT group than ANP group. Conclusions Melatonin pre-intervention is able to increase SOD level and decrease MDA, TNFα levels, thereby reducing pancreatic injury. The MT1 might play an important role in the pathogenesis of ANP. MT might exert protective effects for the pancreas in ANP rats through increase the expression of MT1.

Objective To investigate the expression of Smac/DIABLO, XIAP mRNA in acute pancreatitis (AP) and the relationship with the severity in rats.Methods Fifty-four SD rats were randomly divided into three groups:sham-operation (SO) group, acute edematous pancreatitis (AEP) group and acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) group.The models of AEP and ANP were induced by retrograde injection of 1％ and 3.5％ sodium deoxycholate into the pancreaticobiliary duct respectively.The specimens of pancreatic tissue at 3 h, 6 h, 12 h were collected, pathological changes of the pancreas were observed, apeptosis in pancreas were detected by TUNEL method and the expression of Smac/DIABLO, XIAP mRNA were analyzed by real-time PCR.Results Pathological changes of the pancreas confirmed the establishment of AEP and ANP.Apeptosis indexes in SO group, AEP group and ANP group were 0.67±0.82, 6.62 ±0.78 and 4.70 ±0.82, and the differences were significant (P< 0.05).The expression of Smac/DIABLO mRNA of AEP group increased with time, while the expression of ANP group decreased with time.Compared with SO group, Smac/DIABLO mRNA expressions at 6 h in AEP and ANP group were 2.41 ± 0.92 and 1.47± 0.53, and the differences were significant (P<0.05).By contrast, the expressions of XIAP mRNA in AEP group decreased with time,while the expressions in ANP group increased with time.The expressionsof XIAP mRNA at 6 h in AEP and ANP group were 5.51 ± 1.07 and 6.99 ± 1.00, and the differences were significant (P<0.05).Conclusions In acute pancreatitis, the expression of Smac/DIABLO mRNA was consistent with the apoptosis of pancreatic acinar cells, but not consistent with the severity of pancreatitis.The expression of XIAP mRNA was consistent with the severity of pancreatitis.Smac/DIABLO, XIAP mRNA is associated with regulation of apoptosis.