Objective To evaluate the effect of remote ischemic perconditioning on systemic inflammatory response in the patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methods Forty adult patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement under CPB were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =20 each):control group (group C) and remote ischemic preconditioning group (group R).Anesthesia was induced with iv injection of midazolam,fentanyl,vecuronium.The patients were mechanically ventilated after endotracheal intubation.Anesthesia was maintained with iv injection of midazolam,fentanyl,vecuronium and inhalation of sevoflurane.Three cycles of 5-min ischemia and 5-rmin reperfusion were performed on the fight lower extremity immediately after aortic occlusion by means of a tourniquet in group R.A tourniquet was only placed under the right lower extremity in group C.Before CPB and at 0,6 and 24 h after termination of CPB (T1-4),blood samples were obtained from the right internal jugular vein for determination of levels of serum intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1),IL-6 and TNF-α.Results The levels of serum ICAM-1,IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly lower in group R than in group C (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the baseline value at T1,the levels of serum ICAM-1,IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly increased at T2 and T3 in both groups,serum ICAM-1 and IL-6 levels were increased at T4 in group C,while serum IL-6 level was increased at T4 in group R (P ＜ 0.05).The levels of serum ICAM-1,IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly decreased at T3 and T4 than at T2 in both group (P ＜ 0.05).The levels of serum ICAM-1,IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly lower at T4 than at T3 in both groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Remote ischemic perconditioning can alleviate the systemic inflammatory response in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with CPB.

Objective To investigate the effects of intrathecal (IT) neostigmine on the excitatory amino-acid content in the L4-5 segment of spinal cord in a rat model of incisional pain. Methods Thirty-two male SD rats weighing 250-270 g were anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital 40 mg ? kg-1 . Intrathecal catheter was placed with the tip reaching the lumbar region according to the method of Yaksh. Five days later an 1 cm long incision was made in the plantar region of the right hind paw under isoflurane anesthesia according to the method of Brennan. Pain behavior was assessed at 1h after incision by cumulative pain score. The animals were randomly divided into four groups with 8 animals in each group: Ⅰsham operation group received IT artificial cerebro-spinal fluid (ACSF) 20 ?l but no incision was made in the hind paw; Ⅱ control group received ACSF 20 ?1 30 min before incision was made; Ⅲ postoperative neostigmine group received IT neostigmine 10 ?g 30 min after incision; Ⅳ preoperative neostigmine group received IT neostigmine 10 ?g before incision. 2h after incision the animals were decapitated and lumbar segment of spinal cord was removed for determination of aspartate and glutamate contents by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Results The cumulative pain scores in group Ⅱ were significantly higher than those in group Ⅰ (P 0.05) . Conclusion The decline in the increased excitatory amino-acid contents in spinal cord induced by incisional pain is involved in the mechanisms of analgesia provided by IT neostigmine.

Objective To evaluata the effect of dexmedetomidine on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in the patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass:a meta-analysis.Methods We searched the China Integrated Knowledge Resources Database,Chinese Biomedical Database,Wanfang Database,Weipu,PubMed,Cochrane Library (from inception to July 2015) to identify randomized controlled trials involving dexmedetomidine-induced cardioprotection in the patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.The following data were extracted from the trials included:the mean arterial pressure and heart rate at breast bone splitting,the spontaneous recovery of heart beat during surgery,the plasma concentrations of creatine kinase-MB and cardiac troponin I at 6,24 and 48 h after surgery,and heart rate at 24 h after surgery.Meta-analysis was conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration's RevMan 5.3 software.Results Twelve prospective randomized controlled trials involving 750 patients were included in this meta-analysis.The patients were divided into 2 groups:dexmedetomidine group (n =376)and control group (n =374).Compared with control group,the plasma caradiac troponin I concentrations at 6,24,and 48 h after surgery,and creatine kinase-MB concentrations at 6 and 24 h after surgery were significantly decreased,the mean arterial pressure and heart rate were decreased at breast bone splitting,heart rate was decreased at 24 h after surgery,and the percentage of spontaneous recovery of heart beat was increased in dexmedetomidine group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can mitigate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in the patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Objective To evaluate the effects of extremity ischemic preconditioning on liver injury after cardiac valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methods Sixty ASA physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients (NYHA Ⅱ or Ⅲ), weighing 44-72 kg, with ejection fraction≥40％, schedule for elective cardiac valve replacement with CPB, were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =30 each) using a random number table: control group (group C) and extremity ischemic preconditioning group (group E).Immediately after anesthesia induction, an auto-inflatable cuff was placed under the right lower extremity, and was inflated to 300 mmHg to induce ischemia (oxygen saturation at the finger tip undetected or foot pulse untouched on the operated side) which was preceded by 3 cycles of 5 min ischemia-5 min reperfusion in group E.Before anesthesia induction (T0) , and at 2, 12, 24, and 72 h, and 7 days after operation (T1-5) , blood samples were taken from the right internal jugular vein for determination of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities.The expression of serum miR-122 was detected at T0-4 by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.Results Compared with the value at T0, the serum ALT and AST activities were significantly increased at T2-4, and the expression of miR-122 was up-regulated at T1-3 in the two groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group C, the serum ALT and AST activities were significantly decreased at T2-4, and the expression of miR-122 was down-regulated at T1-3in group E (P＜0.05).Conclusion Extremity ischemic preconditioning can mitigate liver injury after cardiac valve replacement with CPB.