Objective To evaluate the effect of celastrol postconditioning on focal cerebral ischemiareperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.Methods Sixty-four Sprague-Dawle rats (32 males,32 females),weighing 250300 g,were randomized into 4 groups using a random number table (n =16 each):sham operation group (group S) ; celastrol control group (group S + C) ; focal cerebral I/R group (group I/R) ; celastrol postconditioning group (group I/R + C).Focal cerebral I/R were produced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 0.3 ml/kg was injected intraperitoneally after shame operation in group S.Celastrol 3 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally after shame operation in group S + C.DMSO 0.3 ml/kg was injected intraperitoneally at 5 min of reperfusion in group I/R.Celastrol 3 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally at 5 min of reperfusion in group I/R + C.The neurologic deficit was scored at 5 min before reperfusion and 24 h of reperfusion.The infarct size was detected by TTC staining,and then the percentage of infarct size was calculated.The pathological changes in CA1 region of ischemic hippocampus were detected by HE staining.The activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX),content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of NOX1 and NOX2 mRNA (by RT-PCR) in ischemic brain tissues were detected.Results Compared with S and S + C groups,the neurologic deficit scores,infarct size,percentage of infarct size,NOX activity and ROS content were significantly increased,and the expression of NOX1 mRNA and NOX2 mRNA was up-regulated in I/R and I/R + C groups (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with group I/R,the neurologic deficit scores,infarct size,percentage of infarct size,NOX activity and ROS content were significantly decreased,and the expression of NOX1 mRNA and NOX2 mRNA was down-regulated in group I/R+ C (P ＜ 0.01).There was no significant difference in the parameters mentioned above between group S and group S + C (P ＞ 0.05).The pathological changes in CAl region of ischemic hippocampus were significantly attenuated in group I/R + C (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Postconditioning with celastrol can auenuate focal cerebral [/R injury in rats and inhibiton of oxidative stress response in brain tissues may be involved in the mechanism.

To explore the distribution of the bitter principle ganoderic acid B in different parts of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst.. Methods　Ganoderic acid B in epidermis, phellem, stipe, spore and pileus were determined by RP-HPLC. Results　Ganoderic acid B was found to be mainly concentrated in the entire surface of the basidiocarp, other parts contained much less amount. Conclusion　Result of the study may provide references for the search of such active principle from this fungus.

A large number of studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (IncRNAs) display abnormallity in organisms exposed to toxic chemicals,carcinogens and heavy metals.In this paper,the relationships between IncRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs),the expressions of IncRNAs in organisms exposed to different exogenous toxic chemicals and the related toxicological mechanism are reviewed in order to provide reference for biological monitoring with IncRNAs in environmental toxicology.

[Objective] To observe the influence of different kinds of biological pesticide on the fruiting rate and yield of Amomum villosum Lour. (AVL) . [Methods] Medicinal plant field experiment method was used to observe the influence of biological pesticide A (highly effective immuno-biologic bactericide, 75.76mg?m-2 for one time) and its 1000-fold, 800-fold and 500-fold diluent on the fruiting rate and yield of AVL. Meanwhile, the influence of biological pesticide B (edible oligosaccharide, 30.30mg?m-2 for one time) and biological pesticide C (deguelin emulsion, 1.89mg?2m-2 for one time) was also observed. [Results] The three biological pesticides, as well as the diluents of biological pesticide A increased the fruiting rate and yield of AVL, the influence of the moderate-concentration biological pesticide A being the greatest. [Conclusion] Proper application of biological pesticide is one of the important ways to raise the yield of AVL.

Objective To compare the contents of main compounds and the composition of volatile oil from the new hybrid of Amomum villosum Lour. Spring No.1-F4 with those in its female parent Longfruit No.2. Methods Steam distillation, gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods were used for analyzing the content differences of main compounds and compositions of volatile oil between Spring No.1-F4 and Longfruit No.2. Results The contents of volatile oil and bornyl acetate from Spring No.1-F4 and Longfruit No.2 met the standard required by Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The content of volatile oil from Spring No.1-F4 was higher than that of Longfruit No.2, and there were some differences between the two in the composition of volatile oil and their relative contents. Conclusion The effective constituents in Spring No.1-F4, a new hybrid species of Amomum villosum, has reached the standard required by Chinese Pharmacopoeia, which is expected for solving the problems of difficulty in pollination and for improving the yield and quality of Amomum villosum.

Objective To investigate the effects of flurbiprofen pretreatment on the permeability of bloodbrain barrier in a rat model of global cerbral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Methods Forty-five male SD rats weighing 300-350 g were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 15 each): sham operation group (group S); global cerebral I/R group (group I/R); flurbiprofen 10 mg/kg + global cerebral I/R group (group F). Global cerebral ischemia was induced by 20 min occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries combined with hypotension (MAP maintained at 35-45 mm Hg). In group F, flurbiprofen 10 mg/kg was injected iv at 15 min before ischemia. Evans blue 3 ml/kg was injectcd iv at 24 h of reperfusion, then the rats were sacrificed and their brains were immediately removed for determination of the apoptosis rate, brain water content, Evans blue content, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 content, and microscopic examination. Results The apoptosis rate, brain water content, Evans blue content, and TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 content were significantly higher in group I/R and F than in group S (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01).The apoptosis rate, brain water content, and Evans blue content and TNF-α and IL-1β content were significantly lower, while IL-10 content was higher in group F than in group I/R (P ＜ 0.01). Global cerbral I/R-induced changes were significantly attenuated in group F. Conclusion Pretreatment with flurbiprofen can protect bloodbrain barrier against cerebral I/R injury by inhibition of the inflammatory reaction.

Objective To optimize the soaking treatment method for increasing the germination of Amomum villosum Lour.(AVL) seeds.Methods Nine groups were set up: the control group(without soaking treatment),treatment group 1(soaking AVL seeds with naphthylacetic acid 15 mg/mL for 8 hours),treatment group 2(soaking with gibberellin 100 mg/L for 30 hours) and treatment groups 3~8(soaking with clean water for 8,20,30,40,45 and 50 hours respectively).The sowing amount was 100 grains in each group for each time,and the seeds were planted in the outdoor pot at a planting space of 4cm?4cm.Results Naphthylacetic acid had an obvious inhibition on the germination of AVL seeds and delayed the shooting.Gibberellin promoted the germination and shooting of the seeds.Soaking with clean water for 8 hours had no obvious effect on the seed germination,but soaking for 20~50 hours increased the seed germination to various degrees,in particular soaking for 30~50 hours.Conclusion Soaking with gibberellin or clean water can increase the germination of AVL seeds.This method is simple and practical and economic,and is worth of extensively applying in the sowing and breeding of AVL seeds.

[Objective] To observe the effect of biological fertilizers on the yield and quality of Amomum villosum (AV). [Methods] Field experiment method was used to observe the effect of different kinds and different amount of biological fertilizers on AV. Biological fertilizers were: A (mainly composed of fermented chicken manure), B (mainly composed of fermented filter of sugarcane) and C (mixed with fertilizer A and biological fertilizer at certain proportion). The fertilizer amount was 150, 112 and 75 g****m-2 per time. Content of bornyl acetate in AV was detected by gas chromatography. [Results] The three kinds of biological fertilizers increased the yield of AV but had no obvious effect on its quality; high- and moderate-amount fertilizer increased the yield of AV, in particular fertilizer A (112 g?m-2 per time). The three kinds of fertilizers had no effect on the content of bornyl acetate in AV. [Conclusion] Reasonable application of fertilizers is one of the important ways to raise the yield of AV.

Objective To improve understanding of infectious mononucleosis by reporting the clinical data of 21 adults diagnosed as infectious mononucleosis.Methods We investigated retrospectively the clinical and laboratory data of 21 patients diagnosed as infectious mononucleosis.Results Among those 21 cases,the manifestations were fever(19 cases,90%),angina(14 cases,67%),lymphadenopathy(15cases,71%),hepatosplenomegaly (9 cases, 43%).Laboratory results showed that increased leucocyte count (10 cases,48%),high percentage of abnormal lymphocytes between 10% to 29%(14 cases,67%),abnormal liver function(18 cases,86%),positive Epstein -Barr virus capsid antigen IgM(18 cases,86%).All 21 patients were get better.Conclusion It showed that the clinical manifestations of infectious mononucleosis in adults were complex and diverse.The diagnosis should be combined with clinical manifestations and relevant examination.The outcome of this disease is good.

Objective To optimize the processing condition of the extraction of Baphicacanthis cusiae ( Nees) Bremek. roots polysaccharides ( BCP) by ultrasound technology, and to provide the basis for the further development and study of BCP. Methods The extraction temperature, extraction time, liquid-solid ratio were used as the influence factors, and the yield of polysaccharides from Baphicacanthis cusiae roots was used as the evaluation index. On the basis of single-factor test, 3-factor and 3-level Box-Behnken test was designed for quadratic polynomial regression equation of the yield of polysaccharides. And then the response surface methodology was used for the optimization of process condition. Results The optimum extraction condition was as follows: extraction temperature was 60℃, extraction time was 35 min, and liquid-solid ratio was 24.5∶1 (V∶m, mL·g-1). Under the optimal condition, the yield of polysaccharides was 83.7 mg·g-1. Conclusion The method is simple, rapid and highly efficient, which will provide experimental basis for the development and application of Baphicacanthis cusiae roots polysaccharides.