Acetaminophen(APAP)is the most wideIy-used anaIgesic drug cIinicaIIy. It is aIso the most risky agent for hepatotoxicity. It has been wideIy used as a modeI drug to study mechanisms of chemicaI-induced Iiver injury and to test the hepatoprotective potentiaI of chemicaIs. This review summa-rized the intraceIIuIar events of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity,incIuding metaboIic activation, ceIIuIar damage,c-Hun N-terminaI kinase pathway,and modified metaboIism function,and additionaIIy focused on the roIe of infIammatory factors and ceIIs in APAP hepatotoxicity,as weII as protection strate-gies of chemicaIs and naturaI products.

Lysophosphatidylcholines belong to a group of lipid components which have a variety of physiological functions. LPCs are known to be linked to metabolic disorders and cardio-vascular diseases,including diabetes,atherosclerosis and dyslip-idemia.LPCs are actively metabolized in liver,which is closely related with liver diseases and hepatotoxicity.The role of LPCs in liver diseases and hepatotoxicities has been extensively investi-gated recently.This review focuses on lysophosphatidylcholines as a biomarker for liver diseases,such as hepatic carcinoma, cholestasis,cirrhosis,hepatitis,and chemical hepatotoxicities, trying to lay a basis for investigation and therapeutics of liver dis-eases.

In the past decades,numerous chemical analysis studies have identified numerous compounds in tobacco smoke,and the number is increasing,as of 2013,9582 compounds have been identified in tobacco smoke,including nicotine,tobacco smoke-specific nitrosamines,benzo[alpha]pyrene and other substances,as well as cotinine,4-(methylnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and other products that are metabolized in the body.The products of metabolic transformation,such as cotinine and 4-(methylnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol,can target the heart,lungs and other organs,inducing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,coronary heart disease,lung cancer,esophageal cancer and other types of cancer.Chinese medicine's understanding of"toxicity"originates from the Nei Jing,which believes that"poisonous evil"can be an external pathogenic factor,but can also cause the five organs to lose harmony and produce phlegm and stagnation and other pathological products that accumulate into internal toxicity.The modern medical understanding of tobacco smoke toxic substances and their metabolites is quite consistent with the understanding of"external toxicity"and"internal toxicity"in Chinese medicine,so the author intends to explore the main components and pathogenic mechanisms of tobacco smoke harmful substances and their metabolites.To clarify the etiological characteristics and pathogenic transformation characteristics of"internal"and"external"tobacco smoke toxicity,so as to explore the modernization of"tobacco smoke toxicity"and the combination of tobacco smoke pathogenesis and TCM theory for TCM.Theoretical foundation is laid.