As an important component of the “neurovascular unit”,astrocytes provide protective effect for nervous through intaking excessive excitatory amino acids,providing energy substances,maintaining extracellular K + and water balance,scavenging oxygen free radicals and secreting neurotrophic factor during ischemic stroke.This article elaborates the mechanisms of astrocytes participating in ischemic stroke in recent years.

It is inevitable for colleges and universities to reform their information literacy education course with the coming of education informationization time.The construction elements of MOOC-based flipped classroom for information literacy education course in colleges and universities were studied in aspects of teaching design, classroom activities, hardware, teachers literacy based on the analysis of its necessity and feasibility, and strategies were put forward for colleges and universities to construct their multi-mainstay plus multi-element flipped classroom for information literacy education course.

Death of nerve cells after cerebral ischemia have a variety of forms,including cell necrosis occurs immediately in ischemic core area and the subsequent apoptosis and autophagy induced by oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the course of reperfusion.After cerebral ischemia,a variety of different molecular mechanisms eventually lead to cell death,and the process involves several signaling pathways.Intervention of different forms and mechanisms of cell death may alleviate cell death after cerebral ischemia.

As an intracellular energy sensor, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays an important role in maintaining the energy balance of the cells and organisms. Initially, the effects of AMPK on the processes of pathophysiology in diabetes, obesity and other metabolic diseases were well studied. In recent years, the roles of AMPK in the pathophysioiogical processes, including distribution and acidosis, oxidative stress injury and apoptosis in brain tissue have received increasing attention. At the same time, it also found that artificially regulates the AMPK activity after stroke may change the outcome of neurons. Therefore, AMPK is expected to become a new target in the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

Objective To understand the endemic situation of schistosomiasis among 80 national surveillance sites for schistosomiasis in 2006,so as to provide scientific evidence for making out schistosomiasis prevention and control measures. Methods According to the national surveillance protocol, the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in residents and livestock, and the status of Oncomelania snails and other factors were investigated in the 80 national surveillance sites for schistosomiasis, and all the data were collected and analysed. Results Among the 80 national surveillance sites,the average positive rate of residents with sera examination was 13.60% and the average positive rate with stool examination was 1.59%.The average positive rate of floating population with sera examination was 5.79%. There were 143 advanced patients among the national surveillance sites, and 12 acute patients were reported in 2006, but no breaking-out epidemic reported. The proportion of domestic animals stable breeding were about 4.74% of 5 365 examined animals in 2006, and the others were not.The infection rate of domestic animals was 5.93% that declined by 34.49% compared with that in 2005 and especially for the infection rate of cattle and sheep. A total of 7 429.63 hm2 of areas were surveyed. The areas of snail habitats, infected snail habitats and the new snail habitats were 4 994.01,621.75 hm2 and 21.75 hm2,respectively. The density of living snails and infection rate of snails were 0.544 8/0.1 m2 and 0.37%, which increased compared with infection rate of 0.26% in 2005. Conclusion The endemic situation of residents, cattle and snail habitats declined in 2006 compared with those in 2005 in the national surveillance sites.

Objective To analyze comprehensively the investigation data of the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites from 2005 to 2007, in order to provide the evidence for mastering the endemic situation and pattern of schistosomiasis. Methods Eighty surveillance sites were selected, and the investigation data about schistosomiasis in residents and domestic animals and the status of Oncomelania snails in these sites were collected and analysed. Results From 2005 to 2007, the total infection rate in residents decreased by 54.90% (average decreased by 18.30% each year). The sites where the infection rate in residents was higher than 5% decreased year by year. In 2007, there was no site where the infection rate in residents was higher than 5% in all the 80 surveillance sites. All the infection rates in different age groups decreased for three years in succession, and the peak appeared at 30-50 age group in 2005, but moved to 50-60 age group in 2007. The infection rate in domestic animals decreased by 69.22%, and the infection rate in cattle and buffaloes remarkably decreased. For the three years, the areas with snails reduced by 8.84%, and the areas with infected snails reduced by 53.23%. The average densities of living snails and infected snails decreased year by year, but the infection rate of snails fluctuated during the three years. Conclusion The endemic situation of schistosomiasis in residents and cattle, and the status of snails, in general, remarkably decreased from 2005 to 2007.

Objective To survey and understand the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in China in 2007,so as to provide the evidence for decision-making of schistosomiasis control.Methods The data of investigation on schistosomiasis in residents,domestic animals,Oncomelania snails and other relative factors were collected and analysed in the 80 national surveillance sites,2007. Results In 2007,the total infection rate of the residents was 0.92%,which decreased by 42.31% compared with that in 2006. There was no site where the resident infection rate was more than 5% among all the 80 surveillance sites. The peak of the resident infection rate with different age groups appeared at the 50-60 age group. The cattle and buffalo were still the main infection targets. The infection rate of domestic animals was remarkable decreased. The density of living snails was 0.430 0/0.1 m2. The percentage of frames with living snails was 0.06%. The density of infected snails was 0.000 7/0.1 m2,and the snail infection rate was 0.16%. All of them were decreased compared with those of 2006. Conclusion The schistosomiasis endemic in the residents,cattle and snails was remarkable decresed in the national surveillance sites,2007.

Objective To survey and understand the endemic situation of schistosomiasis among 80 national surveillance sites in China in 2008, so as to provide the evidence for decision-making of schistosomiasis control. Methods According to the National Surveillance Protocol for Schistosomiasis, the data of schistosomiasis in residents, domestic animals and Oncomelania snails and other relevant factors were collected and analyzed in the 80 national surveillance sites. Results Among the 80 national surveillance sites, the average positive rate of residents with sera examination and the average infection rate of the residents were 9.86% and 0.67% , respectively, and the infection rate of domestic animals was 1.62% , all remarkably decreased compared with the rates of 2007, but the proportion of domestic animals stable breeding was only 6.07% . The areas of infected snail habitats and the new snail habitats were 177.70 hm~2 and 7.64 hm~2, respectively. The mean density of living snails and infection rate of snails were 0.32/0.1 m~2 and 0. 15% , respectively. Conclusions The endemic situation of residents, domestic animals and snails decreased in 2008 compared with those in 2007, and domestic animals are still the main infection sources of schistosomiasis, the management of domestic animals need to be further strengthened, meanwhile the surveillance and control of snails should be focused on.

Diagnosis, Differential ; Erythema ; diagnosis ; etiology ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Skin ; blood supply

Objective To investigate the effects of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) on high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release from PC12 cells after oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) and its mediated inflammatory response in BV2 cells.Methods PC12 and BV2 cells were cultured,respectively.The PC12 cells were used to induce a model of oxygen glucose deprivation for 12 h and reoxygenation for 24 h.After giving 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR) 5,50 and 100 μmol/L as well as Compound C 0.1,1 and 10 μmol/L activation or inhibition of AMPK phosphorylation,respectively,methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) was used to detect the PC12 cell activity.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the HMGB1 release level in the PC12 cell culture media.After OGD/R in each group,the PC12 culture media were acted on normal cultured BV2 cells for 24 h respectively.Westem blotting and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect the NFκB inhibitory protein (inhibitor of NFκB,IκB) phosphorylation level and TNF-α release level in BV2 cells,respectively.Results After OGD/R,the PC12 cell activity was decreased significantly (68.84％±6.60％ vs.100.04％ ± 8.82％;P ＜ 0.01);the AMPK phosphorylation level was increased significantly (1.95 ±0.39 vs.1.00 ±0.20;P＜0.05),and the extracellular HMGB1 release was increased significantly (287.66 ± 26.42 pg/μl vs.53.05 ± 9.11 pg/μl;P ＜ 0.01).Compared with the OGD/R group,AICAR 100 μmol/L significantly increased the survival rate of PC12 cell after OGD/R (78.6％ ± 3.75％ vs.68.84％ ± 6.60％;P ＜ 0.05),promoted AMPK phosphorylation (3.32 ± 0.66 vs.1.95 ± 0.39;P ＜ 0.01),and reduce the release of extracellular HMGB1 (164.06 ± 12.77 pg/μl vs.287.66 ± 26.42 pg/μl;P ＜0.01).In contrast,Compound C 10 μmol/L significantly reduced the cell survival rate of PC12 (40.44％ ±3.79％ vs.68.84％ ±6.60％;P ＜0.01),inhibited AMPK phosphorylation (1.07 ± 0.21 vs.1.95 ± 0.39;P＜0.05),and increased the release of HMGB1 (337.97 ± 18.9 pg/μlvs.287.66 ± 26.42 pg/μl;P＜0.01).The conditioned medium from the AICAR 100 μmol/L group significantly inhibited IκB phosphorylation (1.68 ±0.51 vs.3.09 ± 0.10;P ＜ 0.05) and reduced the release of TNF-α (669.53 ±38.58 pg/μlvs.841.76 ± 45.82 pg/μl;P＜ 0.05) in BV2 cells.The conditioned medium from the compound C 10 μmol/L group significantly promoted IκB phosphorylation (4.98 ± 1.24 vs.3.09 ± 0.10;P ＜0.01) and increased the release of TNF-α (1 035.32 ± 128.06 pg/μl vs.841.76 ± 45.82 pg/μl;P ＜0.05) in BV2 cells.Conclusions Promoting AMPK phosphorylation activation may reduce the release of HMGB1 from PC12 cells after OGD/R,and inhibit its mediated NF-κB inflammatory pathway and reduce the release of TNF-αin BV2 cells,and thus reducing neuroinflammatory injury.On the contrary,inhibiting AMPK phosphorylation may promote the release of HMGB1 from PC12 cells after OGD/R and aggravate its mediated inflammatory reaction in BV2 cells.