Objective To estimate the marginal value of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in drinking water by evaluation of uncertainty. Methods According to Evaluation and Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (JJF1059-1999), analysis of measure uncertainty of the chemical oxygen demand determined by acidic potassium permanganate titrate prescribed in Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water (2001) was conducted. Results The type A relative standard uncertainty was 0.584%, type B was 0.781%, in which the sub-item uncertainty led by using 25 ml burette was 0.708%, the water sample volume was 0.056%, the adjusted potassium permanganate standard solution was 0.325%; the relative combined standard uncertainty was 0.975%, the expanded uncertainty was 1.95%. Conclusion According to the result of the uncertainty (3.08?0.06) mg/L, COD in the polluted sample exceeds the limit, the use of 25 ml burette produced the most contribution to the uncertainty.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have demonstrated that nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 (nHA/PA66) composites as a root canal filing material possess the basic physical and chemical properties, have antibacterial properties against the infection of medulary cavity, and have no cytotoxicity. However, it is rarely reported as a direct pulp capping agent.
OBJECTIVE: To observe the histological reaction of nHA/PA66 composites as the pulp capping agent.
METHODS:The first and second molars from 12 Wistar rats were selected to prepare class I cavities by exposing the dental pulp. Then, these rats were randomized into three groups and subjected to dental pulp capping using nHA/PA66 composite, nHA and calcium hydroxide, respectively, folowed by filing with glass ionomer cement. At 7 and 30 days after filing, histological changes of odontoblasts and microvessels in the dental pulp were observed using ink perfusion method.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 7 days after filing, significant changes in dental pulp fibroblast proliferation, predentin thickening, dilation of blood vessels were observed in the nHA/PA66 group; only dental pulp fibroblast proliferation with no predentin thickening and dilation of blood vessels was found in the nHA group; in the calcium hydroxide group, the pulp tissues in the pulp chamber were mostly damaged, and obvious hyperplasia in dental pulp fibroblasts and certain inflammatory cel infiltration with vascular necrosis were observed. At 30 days after filing, predentin thickness was increased further, dental pulp fibroblasts proliferated, the number of odontoblasts increased, and dilation of blood vessels was observed in the nHA/PA66 group; predentin thickening and dilation of blood vessels were obviously visible in the nHA group; pulp necrosis was found on the pulp surface below the pitting pore, odontoblasts grew actively at the pulp junction, with no obvious thickening of the predentin, and there were dense vessels below the necrotic area. These findings indicate that the nHA/PA66 composite can induce the regeneration of dental pulp cels.

BACKGROUND:The mechanical properties of SonicFil ultrasonic resin are better than those of the traditional light-cured composite resin, but its effect on odontoblasts and dental pulp vessels is unclear.
OBJECTIVE:To study the effect of SonicFil ultrasonic resin on odontoblasts and dental pulp vessels of rats using histological methods.
METHODS:Twenty-five Wistar rats are selected for experiment. Ninety-six teeth from the first and second molars were selected and randomly divided into SonicFil ultrasound resin group and Filtek Z350 nano resin group with 48 teeth in each group. Experimental teeth in each group were equaly subdivided into 7 days group and 30 days group. Besides, randomly selected five teeth with no intervention served as normal control group. After anesthesia and disinfection, class I cavities on the occlusal surface of the maxilary first and second molars were prepared and filed with SonicFil ultrasound resin and Filtek Z350 nano resin group, respectively. The rats were sacrificed by ink perfusion method, and tooth specimens were taken to observe the changes of odontoblasts and pulp microvessels.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 7 days after filing, two groups had similar changes in the pulp presenting with mild inflammation. Besides, there were scattered inflammatory cels distributing in the cave pulp tissue, and in most of the specimens, odontoblasts arranged disorderly with little vacuoles and microvascular dilatation in the pulp. At 30 days after filing, in the SonicFil ultrasonic resin group, odontoblasts arranged orderly, inflammatory reaction and microvascular dilatation disappeared basicaly. In contrast, in the Filtek Z350 nano resin group, disordered odontoblasts decreased, inflammatory reaction weakened, as wel as microvascular dilatation became less. These results show that under the experimental condition, both of the SonicFil ultrasonic resin and Filtek SonicFil Z350 nano resin play certain roles in the formation of odontoblasts and dental pulp vessels, but over time al of these effects can automaticaly disappear.

Objective:To evaluate the hemodynamic situation of the patients with moyamoya disease using MR perfusion imaging,and to explore the relationship between compensatory collateral circulation and perfusion. Methods:Seventy-two hospitalized patients with moyamoya disease were selected as typical moyamoya disease group,including 37 males and 35 females,aged 10 - 62 years old,all patients underwent cerebral angiography (DSA)and MR perfusion imaging.And 20 patients with out neurological history were used as control group.With mean transit time (MTT)image as a standard,the abnormal perfusion ranges were classified as region of interest (ROI),and the corresponding perfusion parameter values,including cerebral blood flow (CBF),cerebral blood volume (CBV),MTT and time to peak (TTP)were recorded,respectively.The cerebellum was used as a reference in this study,the perfusion parameters were standardized,and the relative ratios of the perfusion parameters (rMTT,rTTP,rCBF,rCBV)were obtained.Results:Compared with control group,the rMTT and rTTP of the patients in typical moyamoya disease group were prolonged and the rCBF was reduced (P <0.05 or P < 0.01), but the rCBV had no obvious difference (P >0.05).②Compared with the contralateral side,the rMTT and rTTP of the suffered side were prolonged,and the rCBF and rCBV were reduced (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).Compared with chronic onset group,the rCBV and rCBF of the patients in acute onset group were reduced (P <0.05 or P <0.01),but the rMTT and rTTP had no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05).There were no significant differences in all parameters between hemorrhagic moyamoya disease group and ischemia group (P > 0.05 ). Conclusion:MR perfusion imaging can accurately evaluate the hemodynamic condition of moyamoya disease;MTT and TTP hve higher sensitivities than CBF and CBV.MR perfusion imaging can evaluate the compensation of collateral circulation of moyamoya disease and provide the objective basis for the clinician to select the proper surgical timing and the best operation methods.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most important member of the coagulase-negative staphylococci and one of the most abundant colonizers of human skin.S.epidermidis is a bacterial species that is commonly described as relatively innoc-uous,which is in part due to the notion that it lacks secreted toxins with limited capability of infection.S.epidermidis pro-duces a series of molecules that provide protection from host defenses,including many proteins and exopolymers.Further-more,recent research has identified a family of cytolytic peptidesin S.epidermidis,the phenolsoluble modulins (PSMs),and the notion that S.epidermidis is virtually toxin-free had to be somewhat revised.

Aim To establish and evaluate the simple and effective animal model of rheumatoid arthritis in SD rats induced by heat-killed mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra(Mtb).Methods SD rats were immunized s.c.at the base of the tail with Mtb(1 mg/rat) in mineral oil,and then body weight,blood routine,clinical signs of arthritis were observed regularly.And also hind paw volume in SD rats with AA was tested.Meanwhile,T-lymphocyte subset was determined by flow cytometry in peripheral blood,the level of TNF-?in serum and IL-1 and IL-6 and vascular endothe-lial growth factor(VEGF) in joint tissue were tested by ELISA.The ankle pathological change and radiographic evidence of the hind paws of SD rats were observed to evaluate the AA model effects and availability in SD rats.Results When compared with normal control rats,the total number of white blood cells,platelets and monocytes in peripheral blood and ratio of CD4/CD8 was markedly raised after immunization with Mtb.But body weight of model rats was significantly low from day 14 to 28 after injection of Mtb.The inflammatory arthritic lesions such as edema and erythema in the paws appeared after 9～10 d.The peak of inflammation was 14～16 d.The level of TNF-?in serum and IL-1,IL-6 and VEGF in joint tissue was significantly higher in SD rats with Mtb than that in normal control rats at d 28.The histopathological examination revealed cellular infiltration,synovial and cartilage hyperplasia in ankle joints of SD rats.Conclusions The model induced by Mtb in SD rats is more similar in clinical characterization of rheumatoid arthritis in human being.It is a more efficient and simpler manipulative procedure for screening of new anti-arthritis drugs and experimental studying of anti-rheumatoid arthritis.

This study was aimed to evaluate the clinical effect of 66 yin-deficiency acne cases treated with body constitution adjustment using acupuncture and moxibustion. In this research, 66 acne patients with the body con-stitution of yin-deficiency were selected . These patients were randomly divided into two groups ( 33 every group ) . The acupuncture treatment group was treated by acupuncture and local treatment. And moxibustion treatment group was treated by indirect moxibustion and local treatment. The treatment was given twice a week. And the improvement condition of acne skin lesions and yin-deficiency body constitution were evaluated after 12-week treatment. The results showed that certain curative effects were received in both groups. However, the moxibustion treatment group had higher curative effect compared with the acupuncture treatment group. There were significant statistical differences between two groups ( P < 0 . 05 ) , which meant moxibustion with local treatment had a higher curative effect than acupuncture with local treatment to acne. In the aspect of skin lesion improvement, according to the statistics, the moxibustion treatment group were statistically significant compared with acupuncture group (P< 0.05), which meant more obvious improvement of skin in the moxibustion treatment group. In the aspect of body constitution, the body constitution scores in both groups were significantly declined and the moxibustion treatment group was more obvious. There was statistical significance between two groups (P < 0.05), which meant patients in the moxibustion treatment group obtained a more obvious body constitution improvement. After the treatment, follow-up was given to all patients for 4 weeks. The results showed that both the acne skin lesion con-dition and yin-deficiency body constitution score were decreased and not achieve the recurrence diagnostic stan-dard. It showed that acupuncture and moxibustion are able to activate the self-regulation and disease resistibility of the body. It was concluded that acupuncture and moxibustion not only improve skin lesion of acne patients with the body constitution of yin-deficiency with inner heat , but also regulate yin-deficiency body constitution . Moxibustion had higher efficacy in the treatment of yin-deficiency with inner heat acne than acupuncture.

Atypical antipsychotic drugs have overcome the serious prolactin elevation and extrapyramidal symptoms of typical antipsychotic drugs, and become the first-line treatment for psychiatry. Studies have found that atypical antipsychotic drugs can modulate the immune inflammatory state of patients and affect their cognitive function, and there is increasing evidence suggesting that neuroimmune disorders may impair cognitive function in schizophrenia. This article reviews the progress of neuroimmune mechanisms of cognitive function in schizophrenia and the effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs on it.

Data processing and analysis has presented major bottlenecks in high-throughput metabolomics research. Bioinformatics tools emerged for performing these high-throughput datasets. These tools can preprocess complex high-dimensional datasets, detect and annotate metabolites, perform various statistical analysis and results interpretation. According to the workflow and methods of metabolomics data processing and analysis, this paper summarized some integral metabolomics softwares and compared the merit and demerit of four typical tools so that it can provide users with a reference guide to select softwares.

Objective:To evaluate the relationship betweenparacardial adipose tissue (PAT) volume, body mass index (BMI) and severe coronary artery stenosis in young people by quantitative measurement of 256-slice spiral CT.
Methods: A total of 150 patients younger than 45 years and received coronary angiography (CAG) in our hospital were divided into 2 groups:Lesion group, the patients with severe main coronary branch stenosis and Control group, patients with normal coronary artery. n=75 in each group. The height, body weight and BMI were recorded in all patients;imaging data was uploaded to the workstation to calculate the volumes ofepicardiumadipose tissue (EAT) volume,pericardial outsideadipose tissue volume and PAT volume, the correlation among 3 parameters were analyzed respectively.
Results:Compared with Control group, Lesion group had increased BMI (28.169±2.203) kg/m2 vs (24.960±3.041) kg/m2 and PAT volume (178.676±3.041) ml vs (99.0616±3.041) ml, all P<0.05. Compared with Control group,no matter male or female, Lesion group had larger PAT volume, P<0.01.EAT volume was related to pericardial outside adipose tissue volume (r=0.837, P<0.001) and PAT volume (r=0.971, P<0.001);pericardial outside adipose tissue volume was related to PAT volume (r=0.944, P<0.001).
Conclusion:PAT volume and BMI were obviously correlated to severe coronary artery stenosis in young people.