Obesity is associated with numerous metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Losing weight is an effective way of improving insulin sensitivity, thus decreasing the risk of obesityassociated diabetes and chronic cardiovascular disease. There is evidence that Liraglutide, as a human glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) analogue, either using alone or combining with other glucose-lowering drugs, has effect on improving glycemic control, protecting β-cell function, and reducing body weight via inhibiting feeding behavior and delaying gastrointestinal motility. Therefore, liraglutide is a new option for treating type 2 diabetes patients.

China is the country with the biggest diabetic population in the world.Diabetes has become a heavy financial burden for diabetic patients,families,and society.This article briefly described pharmacoeconomic concepts and analysis methods,and systemically reviewed literatures in health economic data of DPP-4 inhibitors,in the hope of providing a new perspective for clinicians,researchers,and health care policy makers.

Weight management is an important step in the treatment and management for type 2 diabetes.Obesity,especially visceral fat accumulation,impairs the metabolism function.Excess of visceral fat is closely related to the development of insulin resistance,metabolic syndrome,type 2 diabetes,and cardiovascular disease.Liraglutide,the (GLP-1) analogue,shows its effects on glycaemic control as well as weight reduction which mainly involves reduction of visceral fat.The efficacy characteristics of liraglutide may benefit the comprehensive management of type 2 diabetes.

Objective To investigate the association of Lys656Asn polymorphism in leptin receptor gene with serum triglyceride level.Methods The genotypes of Lys656Asn polymorphism in LepR gene were maped by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism(PCR-SSCP) assay in 232 unrelated subjects of Shanghai Chinese population.The clinical data were also analyzed.Results No significant difference of genotype frequency of Lys656Asn polymorphism in LepR gene was observed between obese and non-obese groups.In obese group,"G" Allele was associated with increased triglyceride level(1.74?0.91 vs 0.95?0.32)(P

Objective: To investigate the expression level of FOXC2 in adipose tissues and its correlation with obesity and insulin resistance Methods: Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from 15 non-diabetic obesity patients(BMI≥35) and 8 non-diabetic controls(BMI

Objective:To investigate the correlation of serum blood pressure, serum lipid, fasting glucose, 2-h postprandial glucose, fasting insulin and uric acid with abdominal obesity in adolescents. Methods: Altogether 174 high-school students (101 male, 73 female, age range: 17-21 years) were selected from Yangpu District of Shanghai and studied in the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, serum lipid, fasting glucose, 2h postprandial glucose, fasting insulin and uric acid. Based on BMI and waist circumference, the subjects were divided into Group A (normal weight), B (non-abdominal obesity) and C (abdominal obesity). Results: Compared with Group A, increased SBP, DBP, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, FINS, HOMA-IR and Ua were observed in Groups B and C, and significantly increased FPG and 2 h PG were noted in Group C (P

Although the medicial sciences greately developed nowadays,diabetes mellitus(DM) which acts as a whole-life disease,remains a difficult problem to overcome.And it is a great challenge of lowering glucose levels effectively,preventing and postponing the onset of chronic complications to improve the quality of DM patients’ life.For better glycemic control,the writer who has many years of clinical experiences on DM therapy,combined results of several large-scale clinical trials,and then summarised the new trends of lowering glucose levels effectively,that is,"SELECT",which means sixkey points of glucose-lowering.

Current therapies of diabetes proven to lowering glucose include metformin,TZDs,sulphanylureas,nateglinide,Repaglinide,acarbose and insulin analogues.Given our better understanding of the beta cell function are slowly emerging.Recently,the gastrointestinal peptide hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 analogues and inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4(DPP-4) have been shown to significantly contribute to glucose homeostasis.Meanwhile,other novel prospect for diabetes such as selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR) gamma modulators,inhibitors of sodium glucose co-transporters 2 have been proven to be attractive drug candidates.The therapeutic potential of these molecules are discussed in this review.

Disrupted pancreatic ?-cell function and decreased ?-cell number are two of the main causes of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Recent studies have indicated that autophagy plays an important role in protecting pancreatic ?-cell and in maintaining the structure,number,and secretive function of pancreatic ?-cell.Although autophagy has been a focus of study in recent years,including areas such as tumor,neural diseases and aging,but its relationship with pancreatic ?-cell was not included.In this paper we review the concept of autophagy and its role in maintaining the normal function of pancreatic ?-cells.

Objective:To investigate the correlation between the microsatellite polymorphisms in ob gene 3′flanking region with obesity in Chinese Han ethnicity in Shanghai.Methods: The genotypes of polymorphisms in ob gene 3′flanking region were determined by PCR in 232 Chinese Han subjects(including 130 obese patients and 102 normal controls).The clinical data,including height,weight,waist circumference,hip circumference,body mass index,waist-to hip ratio(WHR),blood glucose,serum insulin,blood lipids,and uric acid,were compared between the 2 groups.Results: No significant difference of genotype frequency(Ⅰ/Ⅰ 0.115,Ⅰ/Ⅱ 0.331,Ⅱ/Ⅱ 0.554 vs Ⅰ/Ⅰ 0.059,Ⅰ/Ⅱ 0.333,Ⅱ/Ⅱ 0.608) and allele frequency(Ⅰ 0.281,Ⅱ 0.719 vs Ⅰ 0.225,Ⅱ 0.775) of ob gene 3′flanking region was observed between the 2 groups.In obese group,patients with Ⅰ+Ⅱ genotype was associated with increased WHR compared with those with Ⅱ/Ⅱ genotype(0.91?0.05 vs 0.86?0.03,P=0.047).Logistic regression analysis showed that WHR was independently correlated with ob gene polymorphisms(P=0.042).Conclusion: Polymorphisms in ob gene 3′ flanking region are correlated with central obesity in obese patients of Chinese Han ethnicity in Shanghai.