Obesity is associated with numerous metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Losing weight is an effective way of improving insulin sensitivity, thus decreasing the risk of obesityassociated diabetes and chronic cardiovascular disease. There is evidence that Liraglutide, as a human glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) analogue, either using alone or combining with other glucose-lowering drugs, has effect on improving glycemic control, protecting β-cell function, and reducing body weight via inhibiting feeding behavior and delaying gastrointestinal motility. Therefore, liraglutide is a new option for treating type 2 diabetes patients.

China is the country with the biggest diabetic population in the world.Diabetes has become a heavy financial burden for diabetic patients,families,and society.This article briefly described pharmacoeconomic concepts and analysis methods,and systemically reviewed literatures in health economic data of DPP-4 inhibitors,in the hope of providing a new perspective for clinicians,researchers,and health care policy makers.

Weight management is an important step in the treatment and management for type 2 diabetes.Obesity,especially visceral fat accumulation,impairs the metabolism function.Excess of visceral fat is closely related to the development of insulin resistance,metabolic syndrome,type 2 diabetes,and cardiovascular disease.Liraglutide,the (GLP-1) analogue,shows its effects on glycaemic control as well as weight reduction which mainly involves reduction of visceral fat.The efficacy characteristics of liraglutide may benefit the comprehensive management of type 2 diabetes.

Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein ( FABP4 ) is abundantly expressed in adipocytes and macrophages, and the physiologic function of this lipid chaperone is involved in the intracellular trafficking and targeting of fatty acids inside cell. Studies have shown that FABP4 plays a significant role in cholesterol metabolism. FABP4 can affect some key gene expression for cholesterol metabolism, thus regulate the metabolism, storage, and trafficking of cholesterol. As the development of FABP4 inhibitors, drugs targeting FABP4 are possible and can lead to a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent and treat obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and atherosclerosis.

Objective To observe the effects of high-fat diet on insulin sensitivity in rats. Methods Normal rats were fed with equicalorical high-fat diet and then treated with troglitazone. Glucose-insulin tolerance test was used to measure insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, blood glucose, insulin, endothelin, lipid, tissue glycogen and triglyceride levels. Results high-fat diet had no effect on body weight gain and blood pressure. Fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels were similar among the different groups. The levels of blood insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol and endothelin increased markedly, and the decrease in tissue glycogen level was also found. high-fat feeding caused insulin resistance after 4 weeks (K 5.63 vs. control 7.77, P

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of an anti obese agent, sibutramine, on plasma neuropeptide Y(NPY) levels in patients with overweight and simple obesity. 32 patients with overweight and simple obesity were assigned randomly to sibutramine group (group A) or placebo group (group B). Double blind rule was observed in the study. 16 healthy subjects served as control group (group C). Before and after six months of treatment, plasma NPY and serum insulin levels of patients in both groups were measured with radioimmunoassay (RIA). The results showed that fasting plasma NPY levels were higher in obese group than in control group before treatment .No significant difference was found between plasma NPY levels before and after the treatment with sibutramine. The study revealed that patients with overweight and simple obesity had elevated levels of plasma NPY. Sibutramine did not exert any influence on plasma NPY levels in these patients.

Role of chronic inflammation in type 2 diabetes and obesity has been recognized in the past few years. Examples of potent inflammatory cytokines are C-reactive protein (CRP),tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?) ,plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Inflammatory processes may have important roles in the development of type 2 diabetes,obesity and insulin resistance. This article reviewed the relationship between some inflammatory cytokines and diabetes, providing references for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective:To investigate the correlation between the microsatellite polymorphisms in ob gene 3′flanking region with obesity in Chinese Han ethnicity in Shanghai.Methods: The genotypes of polymorphisms in ob gene 3′flanking region were determined by PCR in 232 Chinese Han subjects(including 130 obese patients and 102 normal controls).The clinical data,including height,weight,waist circumference,hip circumference,body mass index,waist-to hip ratio(WHR),blood glucose,serum insulin,blood lipids,and uric acid,were compared between the 2 groups.Results: No significant difference of genotype frequency(Ⅰ/Ⅰ 0.115,Ⅰ/Ⅱ 0.331,Ⅱ/Ⅱ 0.554 vs Ⅰ/Ⅰ 0.059,Ⅰ/Ⅱ 0.333,Ⅱ/Ⅱ 0.608) and allele frequency(Ⅰ 0.281,Ⅱ 0.719 vs Ⅰ 0.225,Ⅱ 0.775) of ob gene 3′flanking region was observed between the 2 groups.In obese group,patients with Ⅰ+Ⅱ genotype was associated with increased WHR compared with those with Ⅱ/Ⅱ genotype(0.91?0.05 vs 0.86?0.03,P=0.047).Logistic regression analysis showed that WHR was independently correlated with ob gene polymorphisms(P=0.042).Conclusion: Polymorphisms in ob gene 3′ flanking region are correlated with central obesity in obese patients of Chinese Han ethnicity in Shanghai.

[Summary] The incidence of obesity and obesity‐related diseases (such as T2DM) increases year by year in the world. Metabolic surgery has increasingly been applied to patients with severe obesity. Studies have indicated that metabolic surgery is effective in obesity and obesity‐related diseases. Since patients undergoing metabolic surgery are obese or severely obese ,whose physiological and pathological changes are different with those of non‐obese patients ,a comprehensive assessment and management during perioperative period and after the operation were needed. This article mainly expounds preoperative evaluation and preparation ,management of surgery process and postoperative nutrition and endocrine management.

Although the medicial sciences greately developed nowadays,diabetes mellitus(DM) which acts as a whole-life disease,remains a difficult problem to overcome.And it is a great challenge of lowering glucose levels effectively,preventing and postponing the onset of chronic complications to improve the quality of DM patients’ life.For better glycemic control,the writer who has many years of clinical experiences on DM therapy,combined results of several large-scale clinical trials,and then summarised the new trends of lowering glucose levels effectively,that is,"SELECT",which means sixkey points of glucose-lowering.