Recurent spontaneous abortion (RSA) was classified into the primary (1?) and the sec-ondary (2?) according to patients histoty.Occurence of blocking antibodies between them wasinvestigated with mixed lymphocyte reaction—blocking assay and complement dependent cyto-toxicity assay.It was found that the primary abortion had been mainly caused by lack of block-ing antibodies,the secondary abortion without lack of blocking antibodies.Thus,the primaryabortion is different from the secondary abortion in aspects of immune aetiology and immunemechanisms although their clinical manifestations are similar.

Role of chronic inflammation in type 2 diabetes and obesity has been recognized in the past few years. Examples of potent inflammatory cytokines are C-reactive protein (CRP),tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?) ,plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Inflammatory processes may have important roles in the development of type 2 diabetes,obesity and insulin resistance. This article reviewed the relationship between some inflammatory cytokines and diabetes, providing references for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective:To induce an anti-hCG? antibody response in reproductive tract and the peripheral by oral inoculation with a recombinant alive Lactobacilli expressing hCG? in different strains of mouse.Methods:The 108,109,1010 Lb.hCG?, a recombinant Lactobacillus expressing hCG?, were inoculated orally into 6-8-week-old female BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The immunized mice were all boosted with the same dose at interval of 3 weeks. An indirect ELISA was used to determine anti-hCG? IgG and IgA antibodies in vaginal lavage and serum that were got at the end of 2-8 weeks after the primary immunization. The B and T lymphocytes of spleen, uterus and vagina were prepared respectively, and their proliferation was analyzed by flow cytometry. The numbers of the cells secreting anti-hCG? IgG or IgA antibody were detected by ELISpot.Results:Inoculation of 109 or 1010 alive Lb.hCG? could induce similar response while 108 induce a lower attitude of response. The antiserum of either 109 or 1010 Lb. hCG? immunization after booster could neutralized more than 100 ng/ml of hCG antigen both in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The B cell proliferation of the reproductive mucosa was more significantly higher than that of spleen in BALB/c mice(P

The fields of immunology and bone metabolism have matured such that key cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the homeostasis of the individual systems are largely understood. This review summarizes some newly published works in this area and tries to find a noval strategy for the treatment and prevention of diseases related to both bone and immune systems.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis can be classified as an inflammatory, or even an autoimmune condition, hence new therapeutic " immune" targets. Some recently published works in this area are summarized, which may help to find a noval strategy for the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Objective:To investigate the expression of a new cytokine,thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and its receptor TSLPR in the villi of human first trimester gestation.Methods:Villi were collected from women who had undergone an artificial abortion at 7-11 weeks of normal gestation.The trophoblast cells (Tros) were isolated and cultured.The total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent,from both villi and the Percoll-gradient-isolated Tros,then the DNA fragments of hTSLP and hTSLPR were amplificated by RT-PCR.Villous tissues were detected for TSLP by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot.Immunocytochemistry (ICC) was carried out on cultured trophoblast cells for TSLP/TSLPR expression.Levels of TSLP in the supernatants were detected by ELISA.Results:Normal villi and the cultured Tros transcript were found to express TSLP/TSLPR mRNA and secreted TSLP protein.In addition,TSLP receptor was also expressed on trophoblasts.Conclusion:Both TSLP and its receptor are expressed on villi and trophoblast cells,which suggests that TSLP plays an important role in maternal-fetal immuno-tolerance in human early pregnancy.

28 kg/m2) and 30 normal subjects (BMI

Objective To investigate the effect of laparoscopic vertical banding gastroplasty (LVBG) on hepatic steatosis and metabolic abnormalities in morbidly obese patients one year after surgery.Methods A total of 11 morbidly obese patients with CT diagnosis of liver steatosis were studied to compare the following data before and one year after LVBG,including weight,body mass index(BMI),waist circumference,fasting plasma glucose(FPG),fasting insulin(FINS),insulin resistance index (HOMA IR), total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG) and liver enzymes.Results With the loss of weight,BMI,waist circumference,FINS,HOMA IR and TG were declined,while liver CT values increased significantly after LVBG.The change of waist circumference was correlated with the change of FINS and that of HOMA IR significantly (P

Objective:To explore the role of CD86 costimulation in inducing Th2 bias at maternal-fetal interface and the relationship to outcomes of gestation.Methods:Pregnant DBA/2J mated CBA/J mice with a high embryo resorption rate from 20% to 30% and BALB/C mated CBA/J mice with low embryo resorption rates were studied,with rat anti-murine CD86 mAb administered intraperitoneally at the dosage of 100 ?g,at the time of implantation(day 4) and on the following days(6,8,10) of gestation.The competitive semiquantity RT-PCR and ELISA was applied to analysis of the transcription and expression of Th type-1/Th type-2 cytokines at the maternal-fetal interface at day 9 or day 14 of gestation respectively.The embryo resorption rate was counted at day 14 of gestation.Results:In the model of normal pregnancy,blockade of CD86 costimulation had no significant effects on the original Th2 bias at the maternal-fetal interface,and the outcomes of gestation had not changed significantly.While in the model of abortion-prone,blockade of CD86 costimulation successfully induced a Th2 bias at maternal-fetal interface.Therefore,the embryo resorbing rates decreased significantly.Conclusion:Blocking the CD86 costimulation at the early stage of the abortion-prone pregnancy could recover the physiological balance of Th1/Th2 at maternal-fetal interface and induce the maternal-fetal immune tolerance.

Breast cancer metastasis is the main cause of tumor death and poor long-term effect in clinical treatment. In the process of metastasis, chemokine may play the main role. In the breast cancer cell, some chemokine and receptor were expressed excessively. It has been shown that through the interaction between chemokine and correspondence receptor, phagocyte and lymphocyte infiltration stimulated, tumor cell invasion into normal tissue with angiogenesis, thus the metastasis was formed. This article reviews the mechanisms of chemokine receptor CXCR4 and chemokine RANTES ,IL-8 MCP-1 in breast cancer metastasis.