Objective:To estimate the prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance in treatment-naive in-dividuals with human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) in China. Methods: Five electronic databases [ Chinese BioMedical Literature Database ( CBM) , Chinese Journal Full-text Database ( CNKI) , Chinese Science-Technology Journal Database ( VIP) , Wanfang Data, and PubMed] were searched for studies of HIV drug resistance in untreated individuals. Drug resistance data were abstracted then pooled using the random effect model. Subgroup analysis was done across sampling time, location, study population ( mean age and infection status) , and sample size. Results: Seventy-six studies were included for our meta-analysis (46 in Chinese, 30 in English). The pooled rates of drug resistance to total, to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor ( NNRTI ) , to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), and to protease inhibitor ( PI) were 4. 7% (95%CI:4. 0% -5. 4%), 2. 3% (95%CI:1. 8% -2. 8%), 1. 8% (95%CI:1. 3% -2. 3%), and 1. 4% (95%CI:1. 1% -1. 8%), respective-ly. All the rates before 2007 were higher than those for 2008 or later. Meanwhile, significant differences were found in the sample areas (P <0. 05), in which, the rates in South-central and Southwest were both higher than 5%. The difference was complex between mean age and infection status subgroup, and we found the total prevalence in the group under 25 years and the newly infected, and confirmed group was lower than in the others. For sample size, all the rates in the group under 100 samples were higher than in the others, and the difference was significant (P<0. 05). Conclusion: The prevalence of HIV primary drug resistance in China was 4. 7%, which stayed low, but was also close to the line set by WHO. Enhanced surveillance for drug resistance is necessary in high epidemic areas including the South-central and Southwest China whose prevalence has crossed the line.

Sixty male SD rats were separately fed by normal diet or high-fat diet.After eight weeks of highfat diet,these rats were injected low dose streptozotocin (30 mg/kg).Diazoxide or glipizide was administered to the diabetic rats for 4 weeks.The results showed that body weight,serum insulin,and insulin sensitive index were decreased in the obese diabetic rats while the fasting blood glucose,total cholesterol,and triglyceride levels were increased compared with the high-fat diet group ( all P＜0.01 ).Consistent with the results of glipizide,diazoxide treatment lowered blood glucose,improved glucose tolerance,and decreased islet cell apoptosis compared with the diabetes mellitus group ( all P＜0.05 ).The results suggest that diazoxide can improve islet function of obese type 2 diabetic rats via decreasing insulin secretion and thus lessening the load on islet cells.

Objective To evaluate the factors affecting the measurement of lung tumor activity concentration (AC) with FDG-PET. Methods High count Monte-Carlo simulations,based on VIP-Man (marked VHP atlas) added with spherical lung tumors of different diameter and activity,were performed to generate the essentially noiseless projection data for PET. The factors related with the measurement of tumor AC were evaluated. Results Using the maximum value in the tumor region of interest (ROI) generally resulted in the over-estimation of AC,and the degree of over-estimation would also increase as the noise became severer. For the small tumors with low AC,the proper partial volume correction was needed. Drawing ROI after post-reconstruction filtering could improve the reproducibility of AC measurement compared with no filtering first. Conclusion The accuracy and reliability of AC measurement depends strongly on factors including tumor size,post-reconstruction filter,noise level,ROI definition,PVE correction,etc.

Objective:To investigate the expression and function of RIP3 in the liver of rats following ischemic postconditioning.Methods:The model of 70％ hepatic ischemia and reperfusion was established,then a total of forty healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were divided randomly into four groups,ten rats in each group:a sham-operation group (Sham group);an ischemia reperfusion injury group(IR group);an ischemic postconditioning group(IPO group);an ischemic postconditioning and necrostatin-1 group (Nec-1 group).The blood samples and liver tissues were collected.The serum levels of ALT and AST were detected,and the liver histological examination was performed.Western-bolt was used to detect the TNF-α and RIP3 levels.Results:Compared with the IR group,ALT and AST in serum were significantly declined in the IPO group (P＜0.05);The liver damage after ischemia and reperfusion was improved obviously in the IPO group compared to which in the IR group;The Suzuki's scores was increased in the IR group compared to which in the IPO group (P＜0.05);There was a low grade of TNF-α and RIP3 in the Sham group,whereas the level of TNF-α and RIP3 significantly increased in the IR and IPO and Nec-1 group(P＜0.05);Compared with the IR group,the level of RIP3 was further decreased in the IPO group (P＜0.05);Compared with the IPO group,the level of RIP3 was further decreased in the Nec-1 group (P＜0.05).Conclusion:RIP3-mediated necroptosis was involved during hepatic ischemia postconditioning,and the protective effect of ischemia postconditioning may act as reducing necroptosis by cutting down the levels of RIP3.

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between circulating tumor cells(CTCs) in the peripheral blood of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC) and the physiopathological characteristics of esophageal neoplasms.MethodsUsing negative selection system,we depleted red blood cells(RBCs) in red blood cell lysis buffer,depleted white blood cells (WBCs) with Miltenyi magnetic beads and enriched the rare cells from ESCC patients'peripheral blood.Immunofluorence staining (IF) was adopted to identify CTCs.ResultsCirculating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was closely related to cell differentiation grade,the invasion of primary cancer,lymph node status,P-TNM stages,and was rarely related to the sex,age or the location of tumor.ConclusionThe results suggest that circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma may express the development of esophageal cancer and may be served as a tumor marker to evaluate the biological behavior of esophageal cancer.

Objective To analyze the changes of the intima-media thickness(IMT)of carotid and femoral arteries, serum advanced glycosylation end-products(AGEs),and AGEs soluble receptor(sRAGE)after intensively controlling blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid. Methods One hundred and thirty-two type 2 diabetic patients were divided into 3 groups and followed for 5 years: 20 patients were treated with intensive control of blood glucose and blood pressure, 80 patients with intensive control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid; and 32 patients with conventional therapy. AGEs, sRAGE, and IMT of carotid and femoral arteries were measured and compared among different groups. Results The IMT of carotid and femoral arteries and serum level of AGEs were significantly decreased after intensive treatment. The ratio of sRAGE and HbA1C(sRAGE/HbA1C)were negatively correlated with the mean of HbA1Cin the past five years(r=-0.417, P＜0.001)and the fluctuation of HbA1C(r=-0.309,P＜0.001). Multinomial regression analysis showed that AGEs were the important risk factors of IMT of femoral artery(β=0.152,P=0.068). Conclusion Intensive treatment is significant in controlling the growing IMT of carotid and femoral arteries, while decreasing serum level of AGEs.