Objective To investigate the application of Clostridium difficile toxin A/B detection on the out-side hospital and nosocomial infection in Taishan area .Methods The stool samples of 528 diarrhea patients newly admitted from May 2013 to October 2014 were collected as the outside hospital suspicious group , and the patients were aged 8 to 75 years old, including 249 males and 279 females.Relatively, the stool samples of 523 patients hos-pitalized more than a week and treated with antibiotics more than 3 days were collected as the nosocomial suspicious group, and the patients aged 7 to 74 years, 209 males and 314 females.Clostridium difficile toxin A/B was detected, and the comprehensive statistical analysis combined with thebacterial culture results , clinical diagnosis and curative effect was made .Results The clostridium difficile infection rate outside the hospital was 4% and the infection rate in hospital after using antibiotics was 16%.By Clostridium difficile toxin A/B detection , the positive rate of outside hospital infection was 85%, and that of nosocomial infection was 90%.Conclusion The Clostridium difficile toxin A/B detection is worthy of clinical application for its rapid and accurate outside hospital and nosocomial infection de -tection in Taishan area .

Objective To investigate the application of pathogenic examination and biomarkers detection of cerebrospinal fluid in diagnosis of intracranial infection .Methods Pathogenic and biomarkers examination were performed in cerebrospinal fluid of 49 cases with intracranial infection (infection group) and 49 cases of craniocerebral trauma but without intracranial infection (control group) .Results Adenosine deaminase activity obviously increased in tuberculous meningitis cases ,glucose levels decreased in bac‐terial meningitis and cryptococcal meningitis cases ,protein and IgA content increased in bacterial meningitis cases ,IgG levels in‐creased in bacterial meningitis and tuberculous meningitis cases ,IgM levels increased in tuberculous meningitis cases (P<0 .05) . There were no significant differences of biomarkers levels between viral meningitis cases and control group (P>0 .05) .Conclusion Combined pathogenic detection and biomarker detection of cerebrospinal fluid could be helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of intracranial infection .

Objective To explore the feasibility of laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy without using titanium clips.Methods Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy was performed without using titanium clips on 48 patients,who had serious adhesions at the Calot's triangle.The cystic duct was ligated by silk.Results The operations were completed uneventfully in all the cases without converting to open surgery.No massive hemorrhage or biliary leakage occurred during the operation.The patients were followed up for 3 months to 3 years(mean,18 months),during which no one developed abdominal pain,fever,or jaundice.Conclusions Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy without using titanium clips is a safe and simple method for patients with serious adhesions at the Calot's triangle.The rate of postoperative complications is low.

Objective To evaluate the effects of the synthetic osteogenic growth peptide (sOGP) on the healing of tibial fractures in rabbits. Methods Fifty two tibial fracture models were produced in the tibiae of New Zealand white rabbits and immobilized with a 2 mm diameter Kirschner wire as intramedullary nail and grouped by random. sOGP was administered to experimental animals by intravenous injection (0.5 ?g?kg-1 ?d-1) from the first day after surgery until the day before sacrifice, while the control animals were injected with saline solution. 3-5 rabbits from each group were killed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 weeks after fracture. The serum was obtained to determine the level of ALP and BGP by biochemistry and RIA respectively. The bone mineral density at fracture healing site was detected by DXA, the anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were taken, the histological examination was done and quantitative analysis of the callus area and the relative amounts of bone, cartilage, and fibrous tissue in the callus of each section were calculated by computer program. The 6 weeks tibial sample were tested biomechanically by universal material test machine. Results The serum ALP, BGP level were higher in sOGP injected groups than those in the controls. All tibia osteotomies healed uneventfully on radiograph. The area of the external callus was larger in the experimental groups than that in controls at 3,4 weeks after fracture; the average area was 265.44 mm2 at 3 weeks, 233.10 mm2 at 4 weeks in the experimental groups compared with that of 209.95 mm2 at 3 weeks and 209.21 mm2 at 4 weeks in the controls. The average bone mineral density at fracture healing site was slightly greater in the experimental group at 3,4,6 weeks, and the difference of the bone mineral density at 4 weeks has statistical significance (P

[Objective]To examine whether collagen scaffold(CS) would strengthen calcium phosphate cement(CPC) in vitro,and to investigate whether CPC enhanced with CS would accelerate the osteogenesis for repairing bone defect in rabbits.[Method] A standard 3-piont flexural test was used to fracture the set specimens and to measure the flexural strength,work-of-fracture(WOF) and elastic modulus of CPC and cpclcs.Both cements were implanted into cylinder cavities drilled in 20 rabbit femoral condyles.After 22 and 54 weeks of implantation,histological observations were performed.[Result]The CS had significant effects on composite of mechanical properties.The CPC/CS had a flexural strength 64.2% higher,WOF 3 933.3% higher,and elastic modulus 45.7% lower than the CPC without CS.At 22 weeks,histological study showed collagen fibers of the CPC/CS composite were entirely resorbed and new bone was formed instead.With unreinforced CPC,there were a little bone formation and biodegradation of cement on the margin but not in the interior of CPC.At 54 weeks,plentiful growing bone and bone marrow-like tissue fully filled in pores created by biodegradation of CPC/CS.Although bone formation and biodegradation of cement were more obvious on the margin of CPC cylinder at 54 weeks than 22 weeks,new bone did not present in the interior of CPC yet.[Conclusion]Collagen scaffold not only reinforces CPC,but also accelerates bone formation in the interior of CPC/CS composite.Therefore,CPC/CS could be novel biomaterial as an endosteal implant.

BACKGROUND: There is no study on starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as guided tissue regeneration membranes. The guided tissue regeneration membrane with porous structure were prepared, which combined with the advantages of natural polymer and synthetic polymer. OBJECTIVE: To research the effects of the preparation conditions on the properties of starch/PVA membranes. METHODS: The porous membranes of guiding tissue regeneration were prepared mainly by starch and PVA through solution mixing, casting, freezing and drying. The effects of the mass ratio of PVA and starch, solution concentration, and pre-freezing temperature on the properties of the membrane were researched. The surface morphology, tensile strength, porous ratio, water absorbance and cell cytotoxicity were characterized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The aperture of the membrane was 1-50 μm, the porosity was 60%-70%, and the tensile strength was 12-26 MPa. And this membrane had the excellent biocompatibility and hydrophilicity. The pores in the surface were evenly distributed with the solution concentration of 5% and the pre-freezing temperature of -30℃. The more content of starch was, and the larger of the aperture was.

OBJECTIVE To explore and control the related factors of nosocomial pulmonary infection in patients with extensive burn. METHODS To study retrospectively 193 hospitalized patients with extensive burn in our hospital from Jan 1997 to Oct 2004. RESULTS In 193 cases of extensive burn,there were 37 cases complicated by infection,the rate of nosocomial pulmonary infection was 19.17%.A total of 248 pathogen strains were isolated by bacterial culturing.Nosocomial pulmonary infection was closely related with such factors as aging,course of disease,burn area,burn shock with fluid resuscitation,inhalation injury,tracheotomy,antibiotic use for a long time,and so on.The mortality of 193 patients with extensive burn was 11.40%,in the infective group it was 27.03% and in the non-infective group it was 7.69%(P

The interaction between the anti-Ractopamine (Rac) monoclonal antibody and the Rac derivation immobilized on the sensor chip surface was studied with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor. A continuous detection method based on the linear response during the association phase was developed. The sensor chip surface was regenerated after several tests performed continuously, thus the detection step was simplified and the life span of the chip was prospected to be prolonged. The detection was performed as an inhibitive immunoassay. The mixture of anti-Rac monoclonal antibody and the sample flowed over the surface with Rac derivation was immobilized. The relative response was in inversely proportion to the concentration of Rac. The detection limit was less than 4 μg/L with a detection time of 15 min.

The fabrication and experimental test results were presented for a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)-based gas chromatography column. Compared with conventional column, this micro-gas chromatography column is suitable for on-line analysis and monitoring because of the small size, rapid analysis and other characteristics. These 0.5, 1 and 3 m GC columns were fabricated using a deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) and were coated the stationary phase via a dynamic coating procedure. These GC columns perfectly separated the mixture of benzene, toluene and o-xylene in less than 200 s, where, the 3.0 m of the GC column achieved) a high resolution of 14.3 between toluene and o-xylene and yielded approximately 6160 plates. Moreover, the effect of separation performance for different column length were examined and compared. These GC columns are suitable for the application of a variety of disciplines, including environmental analysis, methane gas probes and homeland security.

BACKGROUND: The strength and elasticity of general starch can be enhanced dramatically after plastic blends. The major characters of this material are magnitude molecular weight, many enwinded points, extreme containment of small molecules,and great gelation ability. It can be used as a biodegradable replacement of alginate. Furthermore, by adding osteoinductive factors, thermoplastics starch (TP) can be used as an organic engineering material, which can provide dual functions:anti-bleeding and bone formation. TP can also be used as intraoral tissue formation membrane and burn dressings.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the bio-safety of TP through a cytotoxicity test.DESIGN: A controlled observation.SETTING: Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics; Beijing Jishuitan Hospital; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Peking Univesity School of Stomatology.MATERIALS: The experiment was conducted at the laboratory of Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics from April to October in 2006. TP sample was obtained by plasticization of corn starch (12 wt % water content) with glycerol in a Haake Rhenmix at 110℃ and with 80 rounds per minute for 25 minutes, elongation at break from 115.3% to 245.3%. It was prepared by Beijing Key Laboratory for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymeric Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology. Mouse fibroblast L-929 cell strain was provided by the cell bank of Peking University Health Science Center.METHODS: 1 × 107 L-1 cell aqueous suspension was cultured into leaching liquor ( 50% ), serving for TP group, and routine culture medium served for negative control group. Effect of TP on relative growth rate of L-929 cell strain was quantitatively measured by MTI" assay. The cytotoxicity of TP was evaluated according to GB/T16175-1996. Morphological changes and proliferation of cells were observed after2, 4, and 7 days of culture in the medium through an inverted phase contrast microscope.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cytotoxicity, morphological changes and proliferation of cells, and cell relative growth rate.RESULTS: Cytotoxicity: After 2 and 4 days of incubation, the absorbance (A) value was lower in the TP group than in the negative control group. After 7 days of incubation, the A value was significantly higher compared to negative control group (P＜0.01). It indicated that after 2 and 4 days of incubation, the cytotoxicity in the TP group was larger than in the negative control group, while after 7 days of incubation, it was on the opposite. All the test time, TP's cytotoxicity grade ranged from 0 to 1. Morphological change and proliferation of cells: After 2 days of incubation, both groups of cells were not extended to the outside of the scope, with a majority shape of being round, triangle, and quadrangle in the TP group or fusiform cells in the negative control respectively. Four days later, there were gaps among cells in the TP group, while in the negative control group, there were hardly any distance between cells and some cells piled up. Seven days later, cells in starch medium suddenly grew up to such a degree that all the cells lapped over and presented with more bloom than the negative control. Cell relative growth rate: After 2, 4, and 7 days of incubation, relative growth rate increased with time, being 85.63%,82.22%, and 113.05%, respectively.CONCLUSION: TP has no evidence of cytotoxicity and has good bio-safety.