Study results showed that Rhizomes of Curcuma longga containted flavonoid, curcumine, anthraglycoside, alkaloide... Curcumine were extracted and isolated from the rhizome (dry material) of Curcuma longa with ethanol (0.80%) and with methanol (1,02%). Curcumine and extract of Rhizoma Curcumae longae treated on 10 strains of bacteria and Candida albicans invitro. The results showed that they have strong antibacterial and antifungal activity
Chemistry ; Curcumin ; Divorce

PURPOSE: Recently the number of juvenile delinquents have been increasing in Korea and their misdeeds were getting worse. This study was conducted to find out the basic cause of juvenile delinquency and a counterplan of overcoming this distress. METHODS: The authors reviewed the statistics of the Supreme Public Prosecutors Office to know the juvenile delinquents and Korean national statistics to know the changes of family environments. The author conducted a study on the family environments between student group and juvenile de linquent group in jail, and also investigated the value judgement of middle and high school students to know the difference between the recent adolescents and the youth before 1945. RESULTS: Nuclear families, dual-income families and divorce rates have remarkably been increased recently. All of which are considered to be the basic cause of getting worse in home teaching. It was found that the delinquent group have more defective families, poorer economic status, poorer parent's educational level than the student group, and also found that the value judgement of recent youth were quite different from that of youth before 1945. CONCLUSION: Industrialization have changed our home-environment rapidly which made home-teaching poorer, and the children were being insecure and melancholy, which consequently made them more abnormal youth and juvenile delinquents in Korea.
Adolescent ; Child ; Divorce ; Humans ; Juvenile Delinquency ; Korea* ; Nuclear Family

BACKGROUND: Depressive symptoms are common in the medically ill patients although depressive disorders are considerably underdiagnosed and undertreated. Therefore, we examined the characteristics of depressive tendency in medical inpatients. METHODS: The patient group-144 subj.cts(90 males, 54 females) were selected from medical inpatients of Kae Jung hospital. 158 subjects(106 male, 52 females) with no prior history of diseases were selected for the control group. The Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(HRSD) was used for both groups from June to December 1997. RESULTS: The patient group had a significant higher BDI and HRSD score than controls(p<0.01). In the patients, 31.3% had scores on the BDI greater than the cutting score of 21, and 26.4% had scores on the HRSD greater than the cutting score of 22. In the patients, demographic and medical variables were evaluated with respect to depression. those in their 60's, with education level of elementary school and below. the divorced, bereaved and separated, and having duration of illness more than one year were statistically more depressed, but depression was not associated with sex, religion and medical diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that depressive tendency may be a common phenomena in medically ill patients. Therefore, we should suspect depression in the management of these patients.
Depression ; Depressive Disorder ; Diagnosis ; Divorce ; Education ; Humans ; Inpatients* ; Male

This study was designed to develop a program for unemployed matriarchs and show if the program affected their view on the meaning in life. The subjects were women registered in an occupational training program for unemployed matriarchs, which is being practiced in the 'Working Women Center' located in Busan. The researchers selected 44 persons from the group who agreed to our program. This study was done from the 10th of March, 1999 to the 9th of October. The researchers used the measurement tools, The Purpose in Life, Self-esteem, Hope and Meaning in Life which was composed of 63 items developed by them. Their Cronbach's alpha were .88, .79, .76 and .95. The researchers analyzed the data with frequency, percentage, Mean, S.D, Wilcoxon signed ranks test which were deduced from SPSS 10.0 WIN program. The results of this study were as follows: 1) The program is composed of 'becoming intimate', 'open-minded', 'exploration on self', 'relax of repressed emotion', 'self- acceptance', 'establishing the life-goal', 'enrichment of human relationship' and closing. It took 20 hours for this program to come into practice. 2) According to the analysis of the general traits of all subjects, average age was 39.36. High school graduates were 86%, college graduates were 14% and divorce were 57%, bereavement were 18%, and the rest were 25%. 3) The result of 1st progam showed self-esteem during the program was high. 4) The result of 2nd progam showed self-esteem during the program was high. 5) The result of 3rd progam showed the sum scores of meaning in life, creative meaning, and attitudinal meaning during the program was high. 6) The result of 4th progam showed the sum scores of meaning in life and creative meaning during the program was high. On the viewpoint of above results, we convinced that 'a program for unemployed matriarch is effective to establish a stronger meaning in life. Therefore, it is demanded that support for unemployed matriarchs should not only be economic help such as technical training and help of living expenses, but also psychological, professional and systematic support.
Bereavement ; Busan ; Counseling* ; Divorce ; Education ; Female ; Hope ; Humans

Recently concerns on work stress and mental health status of industrial workers were increased. The purpose of this study was to investigate the work stress measured by PSI (psychiatric symptom index) according to socio-demographic variables. The study population was consisted with two types of group; manual and clerical workers. The, major findings of this study were as follows; Mean scores of psychiatric symptom in manual workers were higher in female, youth, educated, unmarried and divorced, noisy condition, that in clerical workers was higher in aged. Mean scores of psychiatric symptom were highly affected by degree of work autonomy, self-esteem, and self-efficacy in both groups. The higher the work autonomy, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, the lower the mean scores of work stress it showed. Psychiatric symptom index was explained with the work autonomy, self-esteem, self-efficacy through multiple stepwise regression. The annual admission rates were high in highly ranked groups on each psychiatric symptom dimension.
Adolescent ; Divorce ; Female ; Humans ; Mental Health* ; Single Person

OBJECTIVES: Many of the patients with type 2 diabetes are associated with sleep problems, and the rate of insomnia is known to be higher in the general population. The aims of this study were to know the frequency and clnical characteristics of insomnia, and related variables to insomnia in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: For 99 patients from 18 to 80 years of age (65 males and 34 females) with type 2 diabetes, interviews were performed. Total sleep time and sleep latency was evaluated. Insomnia was evaluated using the Korean Version of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI-K). Severity of depressive symptoms were evaluted using the Korean version of the Hamilton Depression Scale (K-HDRM). According to the cutoff score of 15.5 on the ISI-K, subjects were divided into the group of type 2 diabetics with insomnia (N=34) and those without insomnia (N=65) at first, and then statistically analyzed. RESULTS: TInsomnia could be found in 34.34% of type 2 diabetics. Type 2 diabetics with insomnia had significantly more single or divorced (respectively 11.8%, p<0.05), higher total scores of the K-HDRS (11.76±5.52, p<0.001), shorter total sleep time (5.35±2.00 hours, p<0.001), and longer sleep latency (50.29±33.80 minutes, p<0.001). The all item scores of the ISI-K in type 2 diabetics with insomnia were significantly higher than those in type 2 diabetics without insomnia, that is, total (18.38±2.69), A1 (Initial insomnia) (2.97±0.76), A2 (Middle insomnia) (3.06±0.69), A3 (Terminal insomnia) (2.76±0.61), B (Satisfaction) (3.18±0.72), C (Interference) (2.09±0.97), D (Noticeability) (2.12±1.09) and E (Distress) (2.21±0.81) (respectively p<0.001). Variables associated with insomnia in type 2 diabetics were as following. Age had significant negative correlation with A3 items of the ISI-K (β=−0.241, p<0.05). Total scores of the K-HDRS had significant positive correlation, while total sleep time had significant negative correlation with all items of the ISI-K (respectively p<0.05). Sleep latency had significant positive correlation with total,, A1, B and E item scores of the ISI-K (respectively p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Insomnia was found in about 1/3 of type 2 diabetics. According to the presence of insomnia, clinical characteristics including sleep quality as well as quantity seemed to be different. Because depression seemed to be correlated with insomnia, clinicians should pay attention to early detection and intervention of depression among type 2 diabetics
Depression ; Divorce ; Humans ; Male ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to determine the extent of workplace bullying perceptions among the employees of a Faculty of Medicine, evaluating the variables considered to be associated, and determining the effect of workplace bullying perceptions on their psychological symptoms evaluated by the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed involving 355 (88.75%) employees. RESULTS: Levels of perceived workplace bullying were found to increase with the increasing scores for BSI and BSI sub-dimensions of anxiety, depression, negative self, somatization, and hostility (all p < 0.001). One point increase in the workplace bullying perception score was associated with a 0.47 point increase in psychological symptoms evaluated by BSI. Moreover, the workplace bullying perception scores were most strongly affected by the scores of anxiety, negative self, depression, hostility, and somatization (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present results revealed that young individuals, divorced individuals, faculty members, and individuals with a chronic disease had the greatest workplace bullying perceptions with our study population. Additionally, the BSI, anxiety, depression, negative self, somatization, and hostility scores of the individuals with high levels of workplace bullying perceptions were also high.
Anxiety ; Bullying* ; Chronic Disease ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depression ; Divorce ; Hostility

The purpose of this study was to compare the climacteric symptoms and emotion of Korean women living in the United States and Korea. The 195 subjects consisted of 81 women who have lived for more than 10 years in the United States and 114 women who live in Korea. All the subjects were from 40 to 60 years of age. Data were collected by convenience sampling using a questionaire in the west and mid-west regions of the United States and in Kyungbuk province in Korea. The results of .this study are as follows: 1. Both subjects in the United States and Korea showed the highest negative emotions according to the following ; in the 50-54 years of age group, divorced, less than high school graduation, lower income level and Protestant in religion. So we concluded that the cultural differences between the United States and Korea did not exert an important influence on the women's emotional tendency, but personal characteristics and background did. 2. Emotional tendency of Korean women from 40 to 60 years of age living in United States and Korea was slight negative (Korean-American ; 3.97+/-.94, Korean ; 3.90+/-.71) 3. The emotions of women living in the United States showed a significant difference according to the state of health(F=3.7726, p<.05). The emotions of women living in Korea showed a significant difference according to marrital status(F=6.4733, p<.05). 4. There were negative correlations between the number of climacteric symptoms and emotions.
Climacteric* ; Divorce ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Protestantism ; United States*

OBJECTIVE: The image of the wicked stepmother has created a prejudice against stepmothers, which makes it difficult for them to adjust to their stepfamilies. This study compared fairy tales from different cultures to reestablish the nature of stepmothers.METHODS: Grimms’ Fairy Tales (GFT) was used to represent Western culture, with stepmother characters appearing in 15 out of 210 tales. “The Collection of Korean Traditional Fairy Tales” (KFT) was used to represent Eastern culture, with stepmother characters featured in 14 out of 15,107 tales. We examined the relationships between stepmothers and stepchildren in GFT and KFT.RESULTS: Daughters were abused more often than sons in both genres. In GFT, jealousy spurred the abuse in 12 of 15 cases, while in KFT greed was predominant in 12 of 14 cases.CONCLUSION: The fairy tale portrayals of wicked stepmothers may be associated with the stigma children place on their stepmothers, which needs to be overcome.
Child ; Divorce ; Folklore ; Humans ; Jealousy ; Marriage ; Nuclear Family ; Parents ; Prejudice

BACKGROUND: The goals of this study are to investigate the propensity to depression and anxiety in children, and also, to investigate its relationship to the family structure, their life events, and school achievement. We have attempted to aid the continuous and comprehensive management of children with depression and anxiety in a field of family practice. METHODS: A group of 797 boys and girls in 5th and 6th were selected grades a elementary school in their, In the area of ll-san and In-cheon city in August, 1997. Making use of the Kovacs' Children's Depression Inventory(CDI, 1977) and the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children(STAIC, 1973), we investigated the propensity to depression and anxiety by self-rating. At the same time, the general characteristics(gender, age, resideuce, family structure), life events(death single parent, divorced family, death of a sibling, family discord between husband), and school achievement were investigated and assessed their relationship. RESULTS: The Children's Depression Inventory score was 11.69, the State Anxiety Inventory score was 31.51, and the Trait Anxiety Inventory score was 31.49. The CDI score were significantly higher in females, sixth year students, residents execpt for those living in an apartment or villa, and low school achievement group(P<0.01, P<0.05), There was no significance between CDI score and age, whether or not a dual-income family, death of a sib, hospitalization within 6 months, and family discord between husband and wife. The STAIC score was significantly higher for old age, female, sixth year students, and low school achieve menu group(P<0.01), and there was no significance between the STAIC score and residence, whether or not a dual-income family, death of a sibling, hospitalization within 6 months, and family discord between husband and wife. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, there was a significant correlation between gender, school years, school achievement and a propensity to depression and anxiety. Therefore, family physician should be more involved in family intervention and anticipatory guidance upon medical examination and treatment, if he or she has a symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Anxiety* ; Child* ; Depression* ; Divorce ; Family Practice ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Incheon ; Physicians, Family ; Siblings ; Single Parent ; Spouses