Objective:To evaluate the safety and feasibility of endovascular recanalization for non-acute internal carotid artery occlusion (NA-ICAO), and to propose a new angiographic classification.Methods:From April 2015 to October 2019, 95 consecutive patients with symptomatic NA-ICAO who received endovascular recanalization were retrospectively analyzed in Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University. All the patients were divided into four groups according to DSA: type Ⅰ, petrous segments were distally reconstituted by collateral vessels; type Ⅱ, cavernous segments were distally reconstituted by collateral vessels; type Ⅲ, ophthalmic segments were distally reconstituted by collateral vessels; type Ⅳ, communicating segments were distally reconstituted by collateral vessels. Study data including clinical characteristics, surgical details, lesion classification, recanalization rate and perioperative complications. For the counting data, the χ 2 test was used to compare between groups. For the quantitative data, the ANOVA was used for the normal distribution data, otherwise the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used. The primary safety outcome was any stroke or death within 30 days. Results:Among the 95 patients, 67 (70.53%) had successful recanalization. The recanalization rates of type Ⅰ－Ⅳ were 92.31% (36/39), 81.82% (18/22), 47.83% (11/23) and 18.18% (2/11) respectively (χ2=29.557, P<0.001). And the complication rates of the four types were 5.13% (2/39), 13.64% (3/22), 21.74% (5/23) and 9.10% (1/11) respectively. The incidence of perioperative ischemic stroke was 2.11% (2/95). No other serious stroke and death occurred. Conclusions:Endovascular recanalization may be feasible and safe for carefully selected patients with NA-ICAO and therefore represents an alternative treatment. The patients with type Ⅰ and Ⅱ lesions had higher recanalization rates, while the patients with type Ⅳ lesions had significantly lower recalculation rate. The new angiographic classification is conducive to the selection of suitable patients and difficulty in grading.

Objective Metformin ( MET) is the first-line medications of choice for patients with type 2 diabetes. In recent years,a large number of studies at home and abroad have shown that metformin not only has significant effects in controlling blood sugar level of diabetic patients and intervening in impaired glucose tolerance,but also has ＂ magical＂ effects in in the field of hypoglycemic outside. In addition to the early discovery that metformin can be used to treat metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome,control body weight,blood pressure,blood lipid,and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events,metformin can also play anti-tumor,anti-inflammatory effects,delay aging,and treat mental disorders such as depression. This article reviews the effect of metformin in the field out of hypoglycemic.

Objective To explore the relationship between plasma adiponectin, visfatin, leptin, and resistin levels, and the onset of colonic polyps in prediabetes subjects. Methods A total of 468 prediabetes subjects, who received colonoscopy examination, were enrolled in this study, including 248 cases of colon polyps (polyps group with prediabetes) and 220 cases without colonic mucosal lesions ( polyps-free group with prediabetes). According to the clinical characteristics of colonic polyps, colonic polyps patients with prediabetes were subdivided into single polyp group, multiple polyps group, low-risk polyps group, and high-risk polyps group, respectively. In addition, 108 subjects with normal glucose tolerance, who were matched with prediabetes subjects on gender and age, were selected as control group, and 46 cases of them were refered to polyps group with normal glucose tolerance and 62 cases were refered to polyps-free group with normal glucose. Plasma adiponectin, visfatin, leptin, and resistin levels were measured in all subjects, and related risk factors of colonic polyps in prediabetes patients were analyzed. Results Not only in normal glucose tolerance subjects, but also in prediabetes subjects, plasma visfatin levels in polyps group were significantly higher than those in polyps-free group (P＜0.05), and plasma adiponectin levels were significantly lower than those in polyps-free group [normal glucose tolerance (9.8±4.8 vs 13.3±3.9)mg/L, P＜0.05; prediabetes (5.6 ± 3.7 vs 9.2 ± 4.4)mg/L, P＜0.01], respectively. However, no significant difference in the plasma leptin and resistin levels were observed between polyps-free group and polyps group ( both P＞0. 05), respectively. In addition, in prediabetes subjects, plasma visfatin levels increased (P＜0.05) and adiponectin levels decreased significantly [(4.3 ± 2.6 vs 6.7 ± 3.9) mg/L, P＜0.05] in multiple polyps group than in single polyp group. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in plasma leptin and resistin levels between two groups (both P＞0.05). Moreover, plasma adiponectin levels decreased significantly in high-risk polyps group with prediabetes than in low-risk polyps group with prediabetes[(3.7±2.9vs7.4±3.5)mg/L,P＜0.05].Meanwhile,noneofplasmavisfatin,leptin,andresistinlevels had shown significant difference between two groups (all P＞0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis found that adiponectin was an independent protective factor for colon polyps, multiple colon polyps and high-risk colon polyps. Conclusion The changes of plasma adiponectin levels might be associated with onset of colonic polyps in prediabetes.

Background Metacognition,the capacity to monitor and control one's cognitive processes,has been identified as a crucial component of effective decision-making and behavioral adaptation.Previous research has revealed cognitive deficits in patients with major depressive disorder(MDD),while findings about metacognitive capacities in patients with MDD have been inconsistent across studies,and the exact relationship between metacognitive capacities and clinical symptoms in MDD patients remains uncertain.Objective To examine the metacognitive capacities of adolescent hospitalized patients with MDD and to explore its relationship with depressive and anxiety symptoms,thus providing an unprecedented insight into the prevention of MDD.Methods A coherent 56 adolescent hospitalized patients with MDD in the Psychiatry Department at the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from March 2022 to June 2023 and met the diagnostic criteria for depression as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,fourth edition(DSM-IV)were enrolled as MDD group.At the same time,62 healthy individuals matched with the age and sex of the MDD group residing in Luzhou were concurrently selected as control group.The metacognitive ability of the two groups was evaluated by perceptual decision-making task and confidence rating task,and the indicators included confidence deviation,reaction time of confidence evaluation and metacognitive efficiency.Additionally,the severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms was measured with Beck Depression Inventory(BDI)and Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI).Pearson correlation analysis was utilized to examine the relationship between metacognitive capacities and clinical symptoms.Results MDD group scored higher on BDI and BAI when compared with control group(t=-13.722,-9.674,P<0.01).In terms of decision-making performance,no statistically significant difference was noted in accuracy and response time between two groups(t=-0.655,0.975,P>0.05).In terms of metacognitive performance,MDD group reported a reduction in overall confidence,confidence in correct decisions,confidence in incorrect decisions and metacognitive efficiency compared with control group(t=3.044,2.769,2.836,3.667,P<0.01).MDD group demonstrated significantly longer confidence evaluation response time than that of control group(t=-2.561,P<0.05).Correlation analysis revealed that among the MDD patients,overall confidence,confidence in correct decisions and confidence in incorrect decisions were negatively correlated with BDI score(r=-0.310,-0.307,-0.298,P<0.05),and the overall confidence and confidence in correct decisions were negatively correlated with BAI score(r=-0.284,-0.280,P<0.05),while no statistical significance existed in the correlation between confidence in incorrect decisions and BAI score(r=-0.229,P>0.05).Furthermore,metacognitive efficiency in MDD patients exhibited negative correlation with both BDI and BAI scores(r=-0.269,-0.290,P<0.05).Conclusion Hospitalized adolescent patients with MDD have impaired metacognition,and metacognitive capacity is found to be associated with severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms.

Objective:To investigate the correlations of myasthenia gravis (MG) susceptibility with STAT3 (rs744166 and rs1053005) and STAT4 (rs7574865) gene polymorphisms. Methods:A total of 149 MG patients admitted to Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from September 2019 to June 2022 were selected as MG group, and 148 subjects accepted physical examination in our hospital at the same period were selected as control group. Peripheral venous blood of all subjects was collected. Improved multiplex ligation detection reaction (imLDR) assay was used to detect the STAT3 (rs744166 and rs1053005) and STAT4 (rs7574865) gene polymorphisms. Differences in polymorphisms of various gene loci were compared between the MG group and control group, among subjects with different gender or age, between MG patients with and without thymoma, between AChR-Ab positive and AChR-Ab negative MG patients, and between patients with eye muscle MG and systemic MG. Results:(1) Compared with the control group, the MG group had significantly increased GT and TT genotype and T allele frequencies (37.2% vs. 57.0%; 10.1% vs. 11.4%; 28.7% vs. 39.9%), and decreased GG genotype and G allele frequencies (52.7% vs. 31.5%; 71.3% vs. 60.1%) at rs7574865 locus in STAT4 gene ( P<0.05). (2) Compared with male subjects in the control group, the male patients in MG group had significantly increased GT and TT genotype and T allele frequencies, and decreased GG genotype and G allele frequencies at rs7574865 locus in STAT4 gene ( P<0.05); compared with female subjects in the control group, the female patients in MG group had significantly increased GT and TT genotype frequencies and decreased GG genotype frequency at rs7574865 locus in STAT4 gene ( P<0.05). Compared with subjects≤50 years old in the control group, patients≤50 years old in the MG group had significantly increased GT and TT genotype and T allele frequencies, and decreased GG genotype and G allele frequencies at rs7574865 locus in STAT4 gene ( P<0.05); compared with subjects>50 years old in the control group, patients>50 years old in the MG group had significantly increased GT genotype frequency and decreased GG and TT genotype frequencies at rs7574865 locus in STAT4 gene ( P<0.05). (3) No significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies were noted between MG patients with and without thymoma, between AChR-Ab positive and AChR-Ab negative MG patients, or between patients with eye muscle MG and systemic MG ( P>0.05). Conclusion:MG susceptibility is associated with rs7574865 polymorphism of STAT4 gene; the male subjects or subjects≤50 years old with GT/TT genotype or T allele are susceptible to MG.

Objective: Self-determination theory (SDT) deems that people have three causality orientations: autonomy orientation, control orientation, and impersonal orientation. Previous studies suggested that lower autonomy orientation or higher control and impersonal orientations may be associated with more addictive behaviors. Our study aimed to investigate if these associations exist in Internet gaming disorder (IGD), and if sensation seeking, anxiety, and depression could influence the associations between causality orientations and IGD symptoms. Methods: A total of 1,400 college students completed the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, General Causality Orientation Scale, Brief Sensation Seeking Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire. Correlation, multiple linear regressions, structural equation model (SEM) analyses, and moderation analyses were conducted to explore the associations. Results: The control and impersonal orientations were positively associated with IGD symptoms, while the autonomy orientation was negatively associated with them. Moreover, SEM analyses showed that the autonomy-IGD relationship was totally mediated by anxiety and depression, the impersonal-IGD relationship was partially mediated by anxiety, and the control-IGD relationship was partially mediated by depression. Finally, the effects of causality orientations on IGD were moderated by sensation seeking. Conclusion Overall, autonomy orientation is linked to fewer gaming problems, whereas control and impersonal orientations are associated with more gaming problems. Moreover, the relationships between causality orientations and IGD symptoms are mediated by anxiety and depression and moderated by sensation seeking. Our findings inform theory on the motivations of gaming behaviors and may shed light on the prevention and intervention of IGD from the perspective of SDT.

Objective: Self-determination theory (SDT) deems that people have three causality orientations: autonomy orientation, control orientation, and impersonal orientation. Previous studies suggested that lower autonomy orientation or higher control and impersonal orientations may be associated with more addictive behaviors. Our study aimed to investigate if these associations exist in Internet gaming disorder (IGD), and if sensation seeking, anxiety, and depression could influence the associations between causality orientations and IGD symptoms. Methods: A total of 1,400 college students completed the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, General Causality Orientation Scale, Brief Sensation Seeking Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire. Correlation, multiple linear regressions, structural equation model (SEM) analyses, and moderation analyses were conducted to explore the associations. Results: The control and impersonal orientations were positively associated with IGD symptoms, while the autonomy orientation was negatively associated with them. Moreover, SEM analyses showed that the autonomy-IGD relationship was totally mediated by anxiety and depression, the impersonal-IGD relationship was partially mediated by anxiety, and the control-IGD relationship was partially mediated by depression. Finally, the effects of causality orientations on IGD were moderated by sensation seeking. Conclusion Overall, autonomy orientation is linked to fewer gaming problems, whereas control and impersonal orientations are associated with more gaming problems. Moreover, the relationships between causality orientations and IGD symptoms are mediated by anxiety and depression and moderated by sensation seeking. Our findings inform theory on the motivations of gaming behaviors and may shed light on the prevention and intervention of IGD from the perspective of SDT.

Objective: Self-determination theory (SDT) deems that people have three causality orientations: autonomy orientation, control orientation, and impersonal orientation. Previous studies suggested that lower autonomy orientation or higher control and impersonal orientations may be associated with more addictive behaviors. Our study aimed to investigate if these associations exist in Internet gaming disorder (IGD), and if sensation seeking, anxiety, and depression could influence the associations between causality orientations and IGD symptoms. Methods: A total of 1,400 college students completed the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, General Causality Orientation Scale, Brief Sensation Seeking Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire. Correlation, multiple linear regressions, structural equation model (SEM) analyses, and moderation analyses were conducted to explore the associations. Results: The control and impersonal orientations were positively associated with IGD symptoms, while the autonomy orientation was negatively associated with them. Moreover, SEM analyses showed that the autonomy-IGD relationship was totally mediated by anxiety and depression, the impersonal-IGD relationship was partially mediated by anxiety, and the control-IGD relationship was partially mediated by depression. Finally, the effects of causality orientations on IGD were moderated by sensation seeking. Conclusion Overall, autonomy orientation is linked to fewer gaming problems, whereas control and impersonal orientations are associated with more gaming problems. Moreover, the relationships between causality orientations and IGD symptoms are mediated by anxiety and depression and moderated by sensation seeking. Our findings inform theory on the motivations of gaming behaviors and may shed light on the prevention and intervention of IGD from the perspective of SDT.

Objective: Self-determination theory (SDT) deems that people have three causality orientations: autonomy orientation, control orientation, and impersonal orientation. Previous studies suggested that lower autonomy orientation or higher control and impersonal orientations may be associated with more addictive behaviors. Our study aimed to investigate if these associations exist in Internet gaming disorder (IGD), and if sensation seeking, anxiety, and depression could influence the associations between causality orientations and IGD symptoms. Methods: A total of 1,400 college students completed the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, General Causality Orientation Scale, Brief Sensation Seeking Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire. Correlation, multiple linear regressions, structural equation model (SEM) analyses, and moderation analyses were conducted to explore the associations. Results: The control and impersonal orientations were positively associated with IGD symptoms, while the autonomy orientation was negatively associated with them. Moreover, SEM analyses showed that the autonomy-IGD relationship was totally mediated by anxiety and depression, the impersonal-IGD relationship was partially mediated by anxiety, and the control-IGD relationship was partially mediated by depression. Finally, the effects of causality orientations on IGD were moderated by sensation seeking. Conclusion Overall, autonomy orientation is linked to fewer gaming problems, whereas control and impersonal orientations are associated with more gaming problems. Moreover, the relationships between causality orientations and IGD symptoms are mediated by anxiety and depression and moderated by sensation seeking. Our findings inform theory on the motivations of gaming behaviors and may shed light on the prevention and intervention of IGD from the perspective of SDT.

Objective: Self-determination theory (SDT) deems that people have three causality orientations: autonomy orientation, control orientation, and impersonal orientation. Previous studies suggested that lower autonomy orientation or higher control and impersonal orientations may be associated with more addictive behaviors. Our study aimed to investigate if these associations exist in Internet gaming disorder (IGD), and if sensation seeking, anxiety, and depression could influence the associations between causality orientations and IGD symptoms. Methods: A total of 1,400 college students completed the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, General Causality Orientation Scale, Brief Sensation Seeking Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire. Correlation, multiple linear regressions, structural equation model (SEM) analyses, and moderation analyses were conducted to explore the associations. Results: The control and impersonal orientations were positively associated with IGD symptoms, while the autonomy orientation was negatively associated with them. Moreover, SEM analyses showed that the autonomy-IGD relationship was totally mediated by anxiety and depression, the impersonal-IGD relationship was partially mediated by anxiety, and the control-IGD relationship was partially mediated by depression. Finally, the effects of causality orientations on IGD were moderated by sensation seeking. Conclusion Overall, autonomy orientation is linked to fewer gaming problems, whereas control and impersonal orientations are associated with more gaming problems. Moreover, the relationships between causality orientations and IGD symptoms are mediated by anxiety and depression and moderated by sensation seeking. Our findings inform theory on the motivations of gaming behaviors and may shed light on the prevention and intervention of IGD from the perspective of SDT.