S-allylcysteine sulfoxide (alliin), a colouless and odorless solid, existed in intact garlic (Allium sativum L.) cloves. Alliin itself possessed no antibacterial activity, but it quickly converts into allicin, an antibacterial component by the enzyme alliinase, which naturally occurs in garlic. This paper reported an isolation method for alliin from garlic that was in pilot scale
Cysteine ; Allium

No abstract available.
Colorectal Neoplasms ; Cysteine

No abstract available.
Colorectal Neoplasms ; Cysteine

Aims: Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) enzyme is involved in the synthesis of glutathione, which functions as an antioxidant. Polymorphisms in the sequence of amino acids making up the gene GCLC will cause differences in enzyme expression and GCLC activity. Gene expression that is influenced by oxidative stress can be used to measure markers such as F2-isoprostanes. This study aims to examine the association between the polymorphism in the GCLC gene with glutathione plasma level and F2-isoprostanes in contacts of person with infectious tuberculosis (TB). Methodology and results: Samples are taken from the family members of pulmonary TB patients who seeks treatment at the Pulmonary Centre (Lung Health Center for Public = BBKPM) and Policlinic of Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar. Total of approximately 4 mL of venous blood are taken from each person with pulmonary TB contacts and furtherly analyzed using genomic PCR-RFLP method and ELISA. Our results described that contacts of person with infectious TB for approximately 6 months have polymorphism C/C genotype at 80.3%, C/T of 18.3% and T/T for 1.4% of the total 71 samples with high levels of glutathione from 0.167 to 0.548 mM/mL and F2-isoprostanes level 72.4 - 1343.9 pg/mL. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: There are no significant association between GCLC gene polymorphism with glutathione and F2-isoprostanes levels of individual who had contacted infection TB. In this study the elevation of F2-isoprostanes equal to the decrease levels of glutathione.
Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase

Background: Gold nanoparticles have been studied extensively for their potential application in the detection of important analytes. Their relative ease of synthesis through numerous procedures makes possible their implementation in a variety of assays. Cysteine (cys), a thiol-containing amino acid implicated in numerous pathologies such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), has been routinely detected through expensive fluorometric assay kits. Objectives: As such, this study aimed to develop a carbohydrate-based gold nanoparticle colorimetric assay for the convenient and straightforward detection of cys. Methodology: Carbohydrate-based gold nanoparticles (c-AuNPs) were synthesized following a microwaveassisted procedure. The as-prepared c-AuNPs were used to detect cys by plotting the ratio of the absorbances of the aggregated and dispersed gold nanoparticles against the concentration of cys. Results: The c-AuNP solutions were able to detect cys in the micromolar range, with the glucose-based AuNPs (glc-AuNPs) showing the widest linear range (16.7 μm to 167 μm), and the fructose-based gold nanoparticles (frc-AuNPs) exhibiting the lowest detection limit (9.0 μm) for cys. Aside from being able to detect cys, the c-AuNPs were also responsive to tyr and lys. Conclusion This study demonstrates that carbohydrate-based gold nanoparticles prepared following a microwave-assisted procedure using sugars as reducing agents and capping agents can be used successfully in the detection of cysteine.
Cysteine ; Carbohydrates ; Starch

OBJECTIVETo study the anti-halitosis effect of sugar-free chewing gum through their influence on odor induced by cysteine.

METHODSTen volunteers were randomly divided into the treatment group and the untreated group; each group consisted of five volunteers. All volunteers consented to participate in a test in which breath odor was induced by cysteine. After the test, the treatment group chewed sugar-free chewing gum for 1 min, whereas the untreated group did not undergo any treatment. The effectiveness was determined by the percent reduction of H2S, CH3SH, and (CH3)2S response after the volunteers chewed gum for 1, 10, and 20 min.

RESULTSAt 1, 10, and 20 min, H2S of the treatment group was reduced by 82.68%, 92.27%, 97.47%, respectively, CH3SH was reduced by 65.49%, 73.79%, and 82.89%, respectively, and (CH3)2S was reduced by 60.45%, 73.82%, and 59.72%, respectively. The differences between the two groups at different times were significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONChewing gum can effectively inhibit cysteine-induced odor.

ABSTRACT The oral microbiome comprises several hundreds of bacterial species that contribute to periodontitis, the most complex polymicrobial inflammatory disorder. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a prominent periodontitis pathogen that produces gingipains as a major virulent factor. Gingipain facilitates P. gingivalis survival, pathogenicity, and growth. Several genes were identified to have a role in the regulating of P. gingivalis pathogenesis. Studies suggest that gingipains inhibition is key for the successful treatment of periodontitis. As of now, several gingipain inhibitors have been developed, some exhibit high inhibition activity against gingipains. However, most inhibitors offer unknown toxicity and undesirable side effects. Hence, the development of highly potent and safe gingipain inhibitor is a major concern for periodontitis treatment. The present review highlights the connectivity between P. gingivalis, virulent factors, and its gene, periodontitis, and gingipain inhibitors. Development of gingipains inhibitors would not only treat periodontitis but would also assist in the treatment of other associated systemic diseases, for example: rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease.
Porphyromonas gingivalis--pathogenicity ; Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases

The ubiquitin specific protease 26 (USP26) gene is located at Xq26.2 and present as a single exon on the X chromosome encoding for a protein of 913 amino acids. It belongs to a large family of deubiquitinating enzymes, and is exclusively expressed in the testis. There are conflicting reports on whether mutations in USP26 are associated with male infertility. This article updates the researches on the USP26 gene, its complicated relationship with male spermatogenesis dysfunction, the role of its mutation in male infertility, its geographical or ethnic distribution, and its evolution.
Cysteine Endopeptidases ; genetics ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; genetics ; Male ; Spermatogenesis ; genetics

The apparatus for intrinsic dissolution test recorded in United States Pharmacopeia (USP) integrating with fiber-optic drug dissolution test system (FODT) were used to real-time monitor intrinsic dissolution processes of alliin in four media which were water, solution of HCl with pH 1.2, buffer solution of acetate with pH 4.5, and buffer solution of phosphate with pH 6.8. The intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) and the similarity factor (f2) of two intrinsic dissolution curves with two apparatuses were calculated. The IDR values of alliin with rotating disk system were 28.1.3, 33.55, 28.38 and 30.95 mg x cm(-2) x min(-1) in four media, respectively. And the IDR values of alliin with stationary disk system were 44.16, 47.07, 45.11 and 51.34 mg x cm(-2) x min(-1), respectively. The similarity factors were 56.42, 50.75, 40.30 and 40.64, respectively. The results showed that the intrinsic alliin dissolution rates were much greater than 1 mg x cm(-2) x min(-1). It inferred that alliin dissolution would not be the rate limiting step to absorption.
Cysteine ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; Fiber Optic Technology ; Solubility

OBJECTIVE: Obsessive compulsive and related disorders are a collection of debilitating psychiatric disorders in which the role of glutamate dysfunction in the underpinning neurobiology is becoming well established. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a glutamate modulator with promising therapeutic effect. This paper presents a systematic review of clinical trials and case reports exploring the use of NAC for these disorders. A further objective was to detail the methodology of current clinical trials being conducted in the area. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library Database were searched for human clinical trials or case reports investigating NAC in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) or obsessive compulsive related disorders. Researchers with known involvement in NAC studies were contacted for any unpublished data. RESULTS: Four clinical trials and five case reports/series were identified. Study durations were commonly 12-weeks, using 2,400-3,000 mg/day of NAC. Overall, NAC demonstrates activity in reducing the severity of symptoms, with a good tolerability profile and minimal adverse effects. Currently there are three ongoing randomized controlled trials using NAC for OCD (two adults and one pediatric), and one for excoriation. CONCLUSION: Encouraging results have been demonstrated from the few pilot studies that have been conducted. These results are detailed, in addition to a discussion of future potential research.
Adult ; Cysteine* ; Glutamic Acid ; Humans ; Neurobiology ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder