The spatial repellency with metofluthrin impregnated strips were hung in 15 households at Do Son, Hai Phong. The results showed that the density of mosquitoes reduced by 18 weeks after hanging strips. People agree that this was one of the safe, effective and simple method to control mosquitoes.
Culicidae ; Cyclopropanes

No abstract available.
Cyclopropanes ; Melanoma

BACKGROUND: Topical diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) application on a daily or weekly basis has been used for the treatment of warts that affect different sites of the body. The concentration of DPCP for the treatment of warts needs to be determined according to the body site. In addition, the therapeutic response to DPCP application intervals needs to be evaluated for the treatment of warts. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the minimal DPCP concentration required to induce an elicitation reaction in different body sites of patients with warts and to assess the therapeutic response of wart treatment with daily and weekly applications of DPCP. METHODS: Thirty patients with warts were divided into two groups. Each patient in the two groups was sensitized with 0.1% or 0.2% DPCP. After sensitization, in the first group of patients, DPCP was applied to warts daily. In the second group of patients, DPCP was applied to warts weekly. The initial concentration of DPCP was 0.01% for warts located on the palmoplantar area, periungual area and the dorsum of the hand, knee and upper arm. The initial concentration of DPCP was 0.004% for warts on the face. If no reaction was observed, the DPCP concentration (0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% and 2%) was increased stepwise. The minimal concentration of DPCP to induce an elicitation reaction and treatment results were evaluated. RESULTS: The minimal concentrations of DPCP to induce an elicitation reaction were as follows: 0.004~0.01% for the face, 0.01~0.025% for the dorsum of the hand, 0.25~1% for the periungual area and 0.5~2% for the palmoplantar area. The results of weekly application of DPCP were similar as compared to the daily application of DPCP for the treatment of warts. CONCLUSION: Although further studies are needed, our study suggests that the DPCP concentration needs to be adjusted according to the body site and that the weekly use of DPCP may be a convenient alternative to daily use to treat warts.
Arm ; Cyclopropanes ; Hand ; Humans ; Knee ; Warts

BACKGROUND: There exists a treatment challenge with periungual warts. Topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) has recently been reported to be an effective treatment for recalcitrant warts, including periungual types. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and preference of topical immunotherapy with DPCP in treating periungual warts. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with periungual warts who were treated with DPCP immunotherapy (2007 through 2010; Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea) were retrospectively recruited. Other treatment modalities were also used in some patients. Lesions were grouped into the types according to the following locations: proximal nail fold, lateral nail fold and hyponychium. Total and group clearance rates as well as treatment periods according to location and disease duration were evaluated. A patient questionnaire was performed to assess the satisfaction for the treatments in those who received multiple therapies. RESULTS: Total success rates were 85% (by subjects) and 91% (by individual lesions). Success rate and treatment period for proximal nail fold type seemed more desirable than other locations. Success rate decreased and treatment period increased as disease duration increased. The questionnaire revealed a significantly higher satisfaction rate for DPCP immunotherapy than for cryotherapy and pulsed-dye laser. CONCLUSION: Topical immunotherapy with DPCP is an effective and preferred method in the treatment of periungual warts.
Cryotherapy ; Cyclopropanes ; Humans ; Immunotherapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Warts* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Cryotherapy has been accepted as the mainstay in treating periunugal and palmoplantar warts. The major drawback of cryotherapy is the requirement of several unbearably painful treatment sessions. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the efficacy of immunotherapy in viral wart treatment, as an adjunctive method to cryotherapy. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was performed on 124 patients visiting the hospital from January to December 2009 for the treatment of periungual and plantar warts. We analyzed the number of cryotherapy sessions necessary for treating warts and assessed the clinical benefits from the addition of other treatment modalities, by adjusting the various confounding factors. RESULTS: Of the 124 investigated patients, immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) was performed in 14 patients (11%), together with cryotherapy. After adjusting the factors related to the therapeutic difficulties of wart, the average number of cryotherapy sessions for the immunotherapy-combined group was significantly lower (3.58+/-1.25) than that for the cryotherapy only group (5.10+/-0.44) (p=0.026). However, there were no differences in the number of treatment sessions of cryotherapy when topical 5-FU/salicylic acid agents were added to the treatment. CONCLUSION: Immunotherapy may be a successful adjuvant to cryotherapy in reducing the number of agonizing cryotherapy sessions.
Cryotherapy ; Cyclopropanes ; Felodipine ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Warts

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by chronic widespread pain and various accompanying symptoms including fatigue, sleep disturbances, and cognitive dysfunction. While the etiology of fibromyalgia is unclear, accumulating data suggest that disordered central pain processing likely plays a role in the pathogenesis of symptoms. Although the 1990 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for FMS were originally developed for research purposes and were not intended for clinical diagnosis, the criteria have become the de facto diagnostic criteria in clinical settings. Recently, an improved clinical case definition for FMS was proposed by ACR in 2010 to overcome several limitations of 1990 ACR criteria. Further studies are needed to assess the acceptance, reliability, and validity of the new criteria in epidemiologic and clinical studies. Many randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses confirm the therapeutic efficacy of pregabalin, duloxetine, and milnacipran, in the treatment of FMS. In view of the currently available evidence, a combination of pregabalin, duloxetine, or milnacipran as pharmacological interventions and aerobic exercise or CBT as non-pharmacological interventions seems most promising.
Cyclopropanes ; Exercise ; Fatigue ; Fibromyalgia ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; Rheumatology ; Thiophenes ; Duloxetine Hydrochloride ; Pregabalin

BACKGROUND: Milnacipran is a balanced serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with minimal side effects and broad safety margin. It acts primarily on the descending inhibitory pain pathway in brain and spinal cord. In many animal studies, intrathecal administration of milnacipran is effective in neuropathic pain management. However, there is no study for the neurological safety of milnacipran when it is administered neuraxially. This study examined the neurotoxicity of epidural milnacipran by observing behavioral and sensory-motor changes with histopathological examinations of spinal cords in rats. METHODS: Sixty rats were divided into 3 groups, with each group receiving epidural administration of either 0.3 ml (3 mg) of milnacipran (group M, n = 20), 0.3 ml of 40% alcohol (group A, n = 20), or 0.3 ml of normal saline (group S, n = 20). RESULTS: There were no abnormal changes in the behavioral, sensory-motor, or histopathological findings in all rats of groups M and S over a 3-week observation period, whereas all rats in group A had abnormal changes. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, the direct epidural administration of milnacipran in rats did not present any evidence of neurotoxicity in behavioral, sensory-motor and histopathological evaluations.
Animals ; Brain ; Cyclopropanes ; Injections, Epidural ; Neuralgia ; Norepinephrine ; Rats ; Serotonin ; Spinal Cord

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) shows a high mortality as well as a high prevalence around the world. Recent large-scale clinical studies showed that inhaled long-acting anticholinergics, inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists, and inhaled corticosteroid have beneficial effects on patients suffered from COPD. In addition, the combination of the two or three inhalers above shows more beneficial effects. The beneficial effects are the improvement of symptom, lung function, and quality of life as well as the reduction of exacerbation and possibly death. These beneficial effects are true not only for the patients with severe and very severe COPD but also for the patients with moderate COPD. Clinical studies also showed that mucolytics and roflumilast, a new anti-inflammatory drug have beneficial effects on the patients with COPD. According to these beneficial results proven by the recent clinical studies, the guidelines for the management of COPD might be revised to promote the usage of the beneficial drugs for the patients with COPD. The promoted usage of the COPD drugs would help the COPD patients to overcome their symptom, limitation of airflow and frequent exacerbation and also to improve their quality of life.
Aminopyridines ; Benzamides ; Cholinergic Antagonists ; Cyclopropanes ; Expectorants ; Humans ; Lung ; Nebulizers and Vaporizers ; Prevalence ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Quality of Life

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk indicators of periodontal disease in a representative sample of Korean adults aged between 18 and 44 years. METHODS: Data of 6,485 adults were derived from the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which was conducted from 2007 to 2009. Demographic, socioeconomic, and oral health-related behavioral data were collected as independent variables. The Community Periodontal Index (CPI) was used as a dependent variable. The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the relationship between the CPI and the other variables. RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that periodontal pocket formation (4 mm or more) was related with sex, age, and income level, irrespective of whether the mother engaged in economic activities in childhood, smoking experience, dental flossing, and use of interdental brushes. The subjects in the lowest-income quartile and those who were current smokers had a higher risk of pocket formation (odds ratios, 1.43 and 1.74, respectively) than those in the highest-income quartile and those who had no smoking experience, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed various risk indicators of periodontal disease in Korean adults, using Korean national survey data. Smoking cessation, dental flossing, and efforts to decrease socioeconomic inequality should be encouraged to decrease the risk of periodontal disease.
Adult ; Aged ; Cyclopropanes ; Dental Devices, Home Care ; Humans ; Indoles ; Logistic Models ; Mothers ; Nutrition Surveys ; Periodontal Diseases ; Periodontal Index ; Periodontal Pocket ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Socioeconomic Factors

BACKGROUND: Bowenoid papulosis occurs primarily on the genitalia of young adults and this is characterized by multiple, apparently benign maculopapular lesions. Bowenoid papulosis shows the histopathological findings of a squamous cell carcinoma in situ, but it follows a largely benign clinical course. If it is misdiagnosed as malignant tumor, unnecessary excessive therapy may be performed. Therefore, exact recognition of this entity is important. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to examine the clinical and histopathologic features and outcomes of Bowenoid papulosis. METHODS: Twelve patients who had been diagnosed with Bowenoid papulosis between June 1996 and September 2007 were reviewed clinicopathologically. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 34.8 years (range: 23~57 years), and the mean duration of Bowenoid papulosis until presentation was 6.3 months (range: 5~48 months). Nine patients were males and 3 patients were females. Eleven patients (92%) had multiple lesions. The average size of the individual lesions was 1.4x0.6 cm in diameter. The colors of the papules were red to black. Seven of 9 male patients had lesions on the penile shaft, with 6 of those occurring at the proximal shaft. The other 2 male patients had lesions on the scrotum and perianal area, respectively. Three female patients had lesions on the labium major, labium major and clitoris, and perianal area respectively. Nine patients (75%) presented without symptom and 3 (25%) presented with mild pruritus. The histopathologic features were as follows: a rete ridge of approximately equal length and breadth throughout the entire lesion (100%), skipped areas of normal keratinocytes between zones of atypical keratinocytes (100%). necrotic keratinocytes (92%), parakeratosis (83%), mitotic figures (83%), vacuolated cells resembling owl's eyes (83%), multinucleated cells (67%), residual changes of typical condyloma acuminatum (17%), involvement of acrotrichia (100%) and involvement of acrosyringia (100%). Eleven patients were effectively treated with surgical excision (8 patients), CO2 laser (2 patients), diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) and immunotherapy (1 patient) and 1 patient underwent biopsy only. We followed 12 patients for an average 78.1 months (from 24 to 137 months). During this period, no recurrence or malignant transformation was observed. CONCLUSION: Bowenoid papulosis shows a form of squmaous cell carcinoma in situ for its histopathology, but it hardly ever progresses to squmaous cell carcinoma. On our long term follow-up, there was no malignant transformation. Thus, excessive treatment of Bowenoid papulosis by amputation of the external genitalia is not necessary. Therefore, a through understanding of the clinical and histopathologic features of this entity is necessary for making the diagnosis, the treatment planning and determining the prognosis.
Amputation ; Biopsy ; Carcinoma in Situ ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Clitoris ; Cyclopropanes ; Eye ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Genitalia ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Keratinocytes ; Lasers, Gas ; Male ; Parakeratosis ; Prognosis ; Pruritus ; Recurrence ; Scrotum ; Young Adult