Cycloplegic refraction with 1% cyclopentolate and I % atropine was performed in esotropic children younger than 6 years. The purpose of this study was to find clinical factors related with differencs in refractive changes between cyclopentolate and atropine Additionally, the periodic refractive changes at the first, second and third day during performing traditional atropinization were evaluated. The results were as follows: The refractive state after using 1 % cyclopentolate was + 5.00 diopters in average and that after using 1% atropine was +5.77 diopters in average (pcyclopentolate in one or both eyes. Factors increasing the differences in refractive change between atropine and cyclopentolate were hyperopia more than +4.00 diopters and young age less than 4 years but AC/A ratio was not related. The periodic refractive changes at the first, second, and third day during atropinization were statistically significant.
Atropine* ; Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Esotropia ; Humans ; Hyperopia

Photorefraction was performed in 96 cases(191 eyes) after instillation of tropicamide and cyclopentolate for the purpose of screening procedure. And then refraction was also carried out by retinoscope. From this comparison study, phtorefraction provided data which were very close to those obtained from the conventional retinoscopy.
Cyclopentolate ; Mass Screening ; Retinoscopes ; Retinoscopy ; Tropicamide

645 children (330 boys and 315 girls) of a primary school were determined under 2% Cyclogyl. (1) Among 645 children, refractive error was 57.2% and emmetropia 42.8%. (2) As to the distribution of refractive errors, 33.8% were hyperopic and 11.4% myopic. Hyperopia was more common than myopia. (3) Hyperopic refractive error was increased until 7 years of age. Since then it has been decreased yearly. Myopic refractive error has been increased yearly since 8 years of age. (4) The refractive errors were relatively equall rate in girls(28%) and boys(29%). (5) Refractive errors were numerous around the age of 7(24.7%). (6) The degree of refractive errors varied, but in the great majority was less than 3 diopters. (7) As to the type of astigmatism, 75% were with the rule and 23.7 were againat the rule. (8) The myopic refractive errors were decreased in 1973 year(24.7%) than 1957 year(27.5%).
Astigmatism ; Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Emmetropia ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors

Retinoscopy was performed on 90 esotropic children (180 eyes) younger than 6 years with cyclopentolate-homatropine and atropine. This procedure involves the instillation of a combination of cyclopentolate 1% and homatropine 5% on the initial visit, (ollowed by the instillation of atropine 1% two to four weeks later. In group 1, the parents administered atropine to both eyes of the patient three times a day for 3 days prior to the refraction, and for group 2, atropine was administered twice a day alternately to both eyes for 5 days. Atropine revealed +0.74 diopters more hyperopia than cyclopentolate-homatropine in group 1, and +0.68 diopters more in group 2, No statistically significant difference in cycloplegic effect of atropine was found between the two groups. After use of the atropine, side effect of facial flushing occurred in 15 patients (30%) in group 1, and in 5 patients (12%) in group 2. This difference is statistically significant (p<0.05). The results imply that in clinical practice 5 days of alternate twice-daily instillation can be substituted for conventional "full" atropinization for 3 days.
Atropine ; Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Esotropia ; Flushing ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Parents ; Retinoscopy

To detect the number of school children with errors of refraction and who are not wearing corrective glasses, a study was conducted at Barrio Santiago Elementary School.280 students fromGrade I to Grade IV were included.Visual screening, manifest and cyclopegic refraction was performed, and the results were compared and analyzed.63 (22.5%) had an undiagnosed myopic error of refraction detected by proper visual sc
Human ; Male ; Female ; Adolescent ; Child ; CYCLOPENTOLATE ; OPHTHALMOLOGY ; REFRACTIVE ERROR OF REFRACTION

PURPOSE: To investigate the frequency of side effects due to the use of cyclopentolate for cycloplegic refraction. METHODS: For 4 months, temperature change and adverse effects in 157 children who visited the pediatric ophthalmology clinic of a university hospital for cycloplegic refraction using cyclopentolate were observed. Topical 1% cyclopentolate was instilled 5 times at 5 minute intervals and temperature measured before and after administration using a tympanic thermometer. Side effects such as facial flushing, skin rash, and central nervous system disorders were recorded while cycloplegic refraction was performed. RESULTS: The mean temperature was increased 36.67 +/- 0.10degrees C to 36.90 +/- 0.09degrees C, but no fever exceeded 38degrees C. Seventeen (10.83%) patients experienced side effects including facial flushes (n = 6), temperature change (n = 5), abnormal central nervous system symptoms (n = 4), and a visible skin rash (n = 2). No patient experienced more than 1 side effect and long term adverse effects were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of side effects due to cyclopentolate instillation for cycloplegic refraction was 10.83% in children. Although side effects due to cyclopentolate disappeared without any treatment, cafeful monitoring for their occurrence is necessary.
Central Nervous System ; Central Nervous System Diseases ; Child ; Cyclopentolate* ; Exanthema ; Fever ; Flushing ; Humans ; Incidence ; Ophthalmology ; Thermometers

PURPOSE: We examined the several refractive errors and measured the axial length of child patients who visited Fatima Hospital and then assessed the distribution of refractive error and axial length. We also compared the patients' life-styles with refractive error and axial length. METHODS: We examined automated refraction, manifest refraction, 1% Cyclogyl refraction, 1% atropine refraction and axial length with an A-scan in patients between 5 and 15 years old. We asked their parents to provide information about the life-style of the patients using a questionnaire. RESULTS: The difference between manifest refraction and 1% Cyclogyl refraction was significant in patients under 9 years of age, but not significant in patients over 10 years of age. We found that the greater degree of myopia the patient had, the longer the total length and vitreous length. Patients who played outdoors for less than 2 hours per day, read more than 2 books per week and had 1 or more parent with myopia, had greater degrees of myopia. CONCLUSIONS: We found that 1% Cyclogyl refraction with manifest refraction is necessary for refraction examination in children, and the degree of myopia is closely related with an indoor life-style, the amount of reading books and the parents myopia.
Adolescent ; Atropine ; Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Humans ; Life Style* ; Myopia* ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Refractive Errors

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of 3 cycloplegic regimens in adults with myopia. METHODS: Refraction, accommodation amplitude, residual accommodation and biometric findings were assessed before and after instillation of regimen I (tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 0.5%), regimen II (cyclopentolate 1.0%), and regimen III (combination of regimen I and II). RESULTS: In myopic adults aged 22 to 26 years, cycloplegic refraction revealed less myopia than manifested refraction. Although there was no difference in residual accommodation among the 3 regimens, regimen II and III were more effective in reducing myopia, accommodation, and axial length. The difference in cycloplegic refraction between regimen I and II was more prominent in patients who had larger amplitude of accommodation and residual accommodation with regimen I. CONCLUSIONS: Cycloplegic refraction should be used even in adult myopes. For patients with stronger accommodation and larger residual accommodation with tropicamide, cycloplegic refraction with cyclopentolate may be used to ensure relaxation.
Adult ; Aged ; Cyclopentolate ; Dietary Sucrose ; Humans ; Mydriatics ; Myopia ; Phenylephrine ; Refractive Errors ; Relaxation ; Tropicamide

PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes of higher-order aberrations of the eye with the application of various mydriatics. METHODS: Higher-order aberrations were measured in 18 eyes of 11 subjects (ages 26 to 37 years; 9 males, 2 females) without any ocular diseases except refractive errors. Repeated measurements were conducted before and after instillation of 1 drop of three different mydriatics: 10% phenylephrine, a combination of 0.5% tropicamide and 0.5% phenylephrine (Mydrin(R)-P), and 1% cyclopentolate. The data from 6 mm pupil size were calculated and analyzed. RESULTS: Average root mean square of higher-order (HO-RMS) aberrations was 0.39 in undilated eyes. The averages HO-RMS after instillation of phenylephrine, Mydrin(R)-P, and cyclopentolate was 0.40, 0.41, and 0.42, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference among the four HO-RMS conditions. The spherical aberration of undilated or phenylephrine-instilled condition was different from that of Mydrin(R)-P or cyclopentolate condition (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The application of mydriatics affected the higher-order aberrations of eyes. These findings should be considered when performing wavefront-guided refractive surgery.
Cyclopentolate ; Humans ; Male ; Mydriatics* ; Phenylephrine ; Pupil ; Refractive Errors ; Refractive Surgical Procedures ; Tropicamide

In order to evaluate the necessity of the cycloplegic refraction in mass screening examination for school children, the 3,541 students of primary, middle and high school graders in Seoul were selected for the survey. Manifest and cycloplegic refraction were carried out respectively before and after instillation of 1% Cyclogyl eye drops. 1) Following the instillation of 1% Cyclogyl, the mean refractive power of students in total number was changed from -0.86D. to -0.49D. with statistical significance(p<0.01) and it also indicated that the more higher school graders held the less differences of the diopters between the results of each procedure. 2) Cycloplegic refraction became increased in diopter 0.35D. in emmetropes, 0.98D. in hyperopes, and it became decreased in diopter 0.1D. in myopes. The differences in each group were statistically significant(emmetropes: t=31, p<0.0001, hyperopes: t=40.5, p<0.0001, myopes: t=5.56, p<0.0001). 3) Number of myopia detected diminished following in cycloplegic examination, and the difference of its decreasing numbers was less in higher graders. Conversely, the number of hyperopes detected increased following the cyclopegic examination, but the differences of its increasing the numbers was less in higher graders. As a conclusion, it is recommendable that the cycloplegic refraction should be applied to the mass screening in school-age children, especially to examination of refractive errors of certain state of younger age group with hyperopia.
Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Mass Screening ; Myopia ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Refractive Errors ; Seoul