Curcumin is exclusively isolated from Zingiberaceae plants with a broad spectrum of bioactivities. In the present study, we used the diketide-CoA synthase (DCS) and curcumin synthase (CURS) genes to construct a non-natural fusion gene encoding diketide-CoA synthase::curcumin synthase (DCS::CURS). This fusion protein, together with the acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and the 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase (4CL), were introduced into Escherichia coli for the production of curcumin from ferulic acid. The process is divided into two stages, the growth stage using LB medium and the fermentation stage using the modified M9 medium. The yield of curcumin reached 386.8 mg/L by optimizing the induction of protein expression in the growth stage, and optimizing the inoculum volume, medium composition and fermentation time in the fermentation stage, as well as the addition of macroporous resin AB-8 into the second medium to attenuate the toxicity of the end product. The exploitation of the non-natural fusion protein DCS::CURS for the production of curcumin provides a new alternative to further promoting the production of curcumin and the related analogues.
Curcumin/pharmacology* ; Escherichia coli/genetics* ; Fermentation

Animals ; Curcumin ; pharmacology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; drug therapy ; Rats

Animals ; Curcumin ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; drug therapy

OBJECTIVETo determine the role of a pharmacokinetic interaction in the protective effect of curcumin against the gastric damage induced by indomethacin administration as such or as its prodrug acemetacin.

METHODSWistar rats orally received single dose of indomethacin (30 mg/kg) with and without curcumin (30 mg/kg); gastric injury was evaluated by determining the total damaged area. Additional groups of rats received an oral single dose of indomethacin (30 mg/kg) or its prodrug acemetacin (34.86 mg/kg) in the presence or absence of curcumin (30 mg/kg). Indomethacin and acemetacin concentrations in plasma from blood draws were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.Plasma concentration-against-time curves were constructed, and bioavailability parameters, maximal concentration (C) and area under the curve to the last sampling time (AUC) were estimated.

RESULTSConcomitant administration of indomethacin and curcumin resulted in a significantly reduced gastric damage compared to indomethacin alone. However, co-administration of curcumin did not produce any significant alteration in the bioavailability parameters of indomethacin and acemetacin after administration of either the active compound or the prodrug.

CONCLUSIONCurcumin exhibits a protective effect against indomethacin-induced gastric damage, but does not produce a reduction of the bioavailability of this nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin. Data thus suggest that a pharmacokinetic mechanism of action is not involved in curcumin gastroprotection.

Animals ; Biological Availability ; Curcumin ; pharmacology ; Drug Interactions ; Indomethacin ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacokinetics ; toxicity ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVEWe aim to investigate the sonodynamic effect induced by hydroxyl acetylated curcumin (HAC) on THP-1 macrophages.

METHODSTHP-1 derived macrophages (1 x 10(5) per milliliter) were cultured with HAC at a concentration of 5 µg/mL for 4 h and then exposed to pulse ultrasound treatment (0.5 W/cm2) for 5 min. Six hours later, cell viability analysis was performed with CCK-8 assay, apoptosis and necrosis analysis were detected with Annexin V/PI staining by flow cytometery.

RESULTSThe cell viability of THP-1 macrophage decreased significantly in the group treated with the combination of HAC and ultrasound (P < 0.01), and HAC-SDT induced both apoptosis and necrosis in THP-1 macrophages, the apoptotic rate was higher than the necrotic rate with appropriate conditions, the maximum apoptosis/necrosis ratio was detected in sonodynamic therapy (SDT) group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONhAC-SDT was effective to induce THP-1 macrophages apoptosis.

Apoptosis ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival ; Curcumin ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Macrophages ; cytology ; drug effects ; Necrosis ; Ultrasonics

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase ; metabolism ; Cell Line ; Curcumin ; pharmacology ; Hepatocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Humans

Objective: To construct a new co-cultured liver cancer research model composed of activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSC) and liver cancer cells, explore the efficacy difference between it and traditional model, so as to establish a liver cancer research model in vitro and in vivo that can reflect the real clinical efficacy. Methods: A new co-culture model of liver cancer consisting of aHSC and liver cancer cells was constructed. The differences in efficacy between the new co-culture model and the traditional single cell model were compared by cytotoxicity test, cell migration test, drug retention test and in vivo tumor inhibition test. Western blot was used to detect the drug-resistant protein P-gp and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related proteins. Masson staining was used to observe the deposition of collagen fibers in tumor tissues of tumor-bearing mice. CD31 immunohistochemical staining was used to observe the microvessel density in tumor tissues of tumor-bearing mice. Results: The cytotoxicity of single cell model and co-culture model was dose-dependent. With the increase of curcumin (CUR) concentration, the cell viability decreased, but the cell viability of single cell model decreased faster than that of co-culture model. When the concentration of CUR was 10 μg/ml, the cell viability of the co-culture model was 62.3% and the migration rate was (28.05±3.68)%, which were higher than those of the single cell model [38.5% and (14.91±5.92)%, both P<0.05]. Western blot analysis showed that the expressions of P-gp and vimentin were up-regulated in the co-culture model, which were 1.55 and 2.04 fold changes of the single cell model, respectively. The expression of E-cadherin was down-regulated, and the expression level of E-cadherin in the single cell model was 1.17 fold changes of the co-culture model. Drug retention experiment showed that the co-culture model could promote drug efflux and reduce drug retention. In vivo tumor inhibition experiment showed that the m-HSC+ H22 co-transplantation model had faster tumor growth and larger tumor volume than those of the H22 single cell transplantation model. After CUR treatment, the tumor growths of m-HSC+ H22 co-transplantation model and H22 single cell transplantation model were inhibited. Masson staining showed that the deposition of collagen fibers in tumor tissues of m-HSC+ H22 co-transplantation model mice was more than that of H22 single cell transplantation model. CD31 immunohistochemical staining showed that the microvessel density in tumor tissue of m-HSC+ H22 co-transplantation model was higher than that of H22 single cell transplantation model. Conclusions: The aHSC+ liver cancer cell co-culture model has strong proliferation and metastasis ability and is easy to be resistant to drugs. It is a new type of liver cancer treatment research model superior to the traditional single cell model.
Animals ; Mice ; Tumor Microenvironment ; Coculture Techniques ; Liver Neoplasms/pathology* ; Cadherins ; Curcumin/pharmacology* ; Collagen ; Cell Line, Tumor

OBJECTIVETo investigate the reversing effects of curcumin on hepatocellular carcinoma drug resistance Bel7402/5-Fu cell line.

METHODSThrough the exposure to gradual increased concentrations of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu), the cell line Bel7402 was induced to establish a multi-drug resistant sub-cell line Bel7402/5-Fu. The sensitivity to 6 chemotherapeutics of Bel7402 and Bel7402/5-Fu were detected using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and resistant index (RI) were calculated. The differences of the inhibition ratio of Bel7402/5-Fu by curcumin, 5-Fu, curcumin combined with 5-Fu were detected using MTT assay. The effects of curcumin, 5-Fu, curcumin combined with 5-Fu on the Bel7402/5-Fu apoptosis were detected using flow cytometry.

RESULTSThe Bel7402/5-Fu cell line showed multi-drug resistance (MDR) to various chemotherapeutics, with the highest RI shown of 5-Fu (being 109.55 +/- 14.30 times). The inhibition ratio of 5, 10, and 20 microg/mL curcumin combined with 5-Fu (50% IC50) was respectively 21.47% +/- 1.49%, 27.10% +/- 2.32%, and 59.37% +/- 2.45%. The Bel7402/5-Fu apoptosis ratio of 5, 10, and 20 microg/mL curcumin combined with 5-Fu (50% IC50) was 30.92% +/- 2.10%, 44.87% +/- 2.24%, and 50.36% +/- 2.58%, respectively, which was obviously higher than that of the curcumin group and the 5-Fu group. Besides, the apoptosis rate increased along with increased curcumin concentration in the range of 0 -20 microg/mL.

CONCLUSIONCurcumin could induce the apoptosis of Bel7402/5-Fu. Meanwhile, it showed favorable reversing effects on MDR.

Cell Line, Tumor ; Curcumin ; pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; drug effects ; Fluorouracil ; pharmacology ; Humans

BACKGROUNDCurcumin can reduce the severity of seizures induced by kainate acid (KA), but the role of curcumin in amygdaloid kindled models is still unknown. This study aimed to explore the effect of curcumin on the development of kindling in amygdaloid kindled rats.

METHODSWith an amygdaloid kindled Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model and an electrophysiological method, different doses of curcumin (10 mgxkg(-1)xd(-1) and 30 mgxkg(-1)xd(-1) as low dose groups, 100 mgxkg(-1)xd(-1) and 300 mgxkg(-1)xd(-1) as high dose groups) were administrated intraperitoneally during the whole kindling days, by comparison with the course of kindling, afterdischarge (AD) thresholds and the number of ADs to reach the stages of class I to V seizures in the rats between control and experimental groups. One-way or two-way ANOVA and Fisher's least significant difference post hoc test were used for statistical analyses.

RESULTSCurcumin (both 100 mgxkg(-1)xd(-1) and 300 mgxkg(-1)xd(-1)) significantly inhibited the behavioral seizure development in the (19.80 +/- 2.25) and (21.70 +/- 2.21) stimulations respectively required to reach the kindled state. Rats treated with 100 mgxkg(-1)xd(-1) curcumin 30 minutes before kindling stimulation showed an obvious increase in the stimulation current intensity required to evoke AD from (703.3 +/- 85.9) microA to (960.0 +/- 116.5) microA during the progression to class V seizures. Rats treated with 300 mgxkg(-1)xd(-1) curcumin showed a significant increase in the stimulation current intensity required to evoke AD from (735.0 +/- 65.2) microA to (867.0 +/- 93.4) microA during the progression to class V seizures. Rats treated with 300 mgxkg(-1)xd(-1) curcumin required much more evoked ADs to reach the stage of class both IV (as (199.83 +/- 12.47) seconds) and V seizures (as (210.66 +/- 10.68) seconds). Rats treated with 100 mgxkg(-1)xd(-1) curcumin required much more evoked ADs to reach the stage of class V seizures (as (219.56 +/- 18.24) seconds).

CONCLUSIONOur study suggests that curcumin has a potential antiepileptogenic effect on kindling-induced epileptogenesis.

Amygdala ; physiopathology ; Animals ; Anticonvulsants ; pharmacology ; Curcumin ; pharmacology ; Kindling, Neurologic ; drug effects ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Seizures

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effects of curcumin(CUR) and its mechanism on a rat model of neurotoxicity induced by manganese chloride (MnCl₂), which mimics mangnism. METHODS: Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, with 12 rats in each group. Control group received 0.9% saline solution intraperitoneally (ip) plus double distilled water (dd) H₂O intragastrically (ig), MnCl₂ group received 15 mg/kg MnCl₂(Mn²⁺ 6.48 mg/kg) intraperitoneally plus dd H₂O intragastrically, CUR group received 0.9% saline solution intraperitoneally plus 300 mg/kg CUR intragastrically, MnCl₂+ CUR1 group received 15 mg/kg MnCl₂ intraperitoneally plus 100 mg/kg curcumin intragastrically, MnCl₂+ CUR2 group received 15 mg/kg MnCl₂ intraperitoneally plus 300 mg/kg CUR intragastrically, 5 days/week, 4 weeks. Open-field and rotarod tests were used to detect animals' exploratory behavior, anxiety, depression, movement and balance ability. Morris water maze (MWM) experiment was used to detect animals' learning and memory ability. ICP-MS was used to investigate the Mn contents in striata. The rats per group were perfused in situ, their brains striata were removed by brains model and fixed for transmission electron microscope (TEM), histopathological and immunohistochemistry (ICH) analyses. The other 6 rats per group were sacrificed. Their brains striata were removed and protein expression levels of transcription factor EB (TFEB), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p-mTOR, Beclin, P62, microtubule-associated protein light chain-3 (LC3) were detected by Western blotting. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transterase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was used to determine neurocyte apoptosis of rat striatum. RESULTS: After exposure to MnCl₂ for four weeks, MnCl₂-treated rats showed depressive-like behavior in open-field test, the impairments of movement coordination and balance in rotarod test and the diminishment of spatial learning and memory in MWM (P < 0.05). The striatal TH⁺ neurocyte significantly decreased, eosinophilic cells, aggregative α-Syn level and TUNEL-positive neurocyte significantly increased in the striatum of MnCl₂ group compared with control group (P < 0.05). Chromatin condensation, mitochondria tumefaction and autophagosomes were observed in rat striatal neurocytes of MnCl₂ group by TEM. TFEB nuclear translocation and autophagy occurred in the striatum of MnCl₂ group. Further, the depressive behavior, movement and balance ability, spatial learning and memory ability of MnCl₂+ CUR2 group were significantly improved compared with MnCl₂ group (P < 0.05). TH+ neurocyte significantly increased, the eosinophilic cells, aggregative α-Syn level significantly decreased in the striatum of MnCl₂+ CUR2 group compared with MnCl₂ group. Further, compared with MnCl₂ group, chromatin condensation, mitochondria tumefaction was alleviated and autophagosomes increased, TFEB-nuclear translocation, autophagy was enhanced and TUNEL-positive neurocyte reduced significantly in the striatum of MnCl₂+ CUR2 group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Curcumin alleviated the MnCl₂-induced neurotoxicity and α-Syn aggregation probably by promoting TFEB nuclear translocation and enhancing autophagy.
Animals ; Autophagy ; Chromatin ; Curcumin/pharmacology* ; Male ; Mammals ; Manganese/toxicity* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Saline Solution/pharmacology* ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases