The effects of oligosaccharide and creatine (Cr) supplementation on glucose, lactic acid and urea nitrogen levels in blood and activity of serum creatine kinase (CK) were explored. Twenty CUBA male athletes were divided into 4 groups: group A (supplementation of Cr alone), group B (supplementation of oligosaccharide), group C (supplementation of oligosaccharide and Cr) and group D (placebo control group). By using orthogonal L4 table (2(3)), the experiment was performed. There were factors including oligosaccharide (carbohydrate, CHO), Cr and their correlation. Each factor had two levels: supplementation and no-supplementation. The results showed that the supplementation of CHO or Cr alone, combined supplementation of CHO and Cr could significantly reduce the glucose, urea nitrogen levels in blood and serum CK activity after competition in the athletes. Moreover, the effects of combined supplementation of CHO and Cr were more satisfactory. It was concluded that supplementation of CHO and Cr could promote the recovery of physical performance and athletic abilities after athletics in basketball athletes.
Athletes ; Basketball/*physiology ; Blood Glucose/*metabolism ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Creatine/*administration & dosage ; Creatine Kinase/*blood ; Dietary Supplements ; Oligosaccharides/*administration & dosage ; Young Adult

Succinylcholine has been used extensively for endotracheal intubation as a short-acting muscle relaxant. Intravenous administration of succinylcholine may be associated with adverse effects including elevated serum potassium and creatine phosphokinase, postoperative myalgia, changes in cardiac rate and rhythm, elevated intraocular pressure and intragastric pressure. Although elevated serum potassium is usually slight in normal person, it can be greater in disease states such as burn, massive trauma, uremia, neuromuscular disorders, CNS injury and tetanus. In the present study, the influence of d-Tubocurarine and lidocaine on the serum potassium level was observed in 80 patients undergoing elective surgery and without electrolyte. abnormality. The patients were divided into four groups of 20 cases. control group: serving as control. dTc group: receiving 3 mg of d-Tubocurarine as pretreatment prior to succinylcholine administration lidocaine group: receiving 1 mg/kg of lidocaine as pretreatment prior to succinylcholine administration dTc with lidocaine group: receiving d-Tubocurarine with lidocaine as pretreatment prior to succinylcholine administration Blood samples for electrolyte measurement were drawn before induction and 3, 5 and 10 minutes after the administration of succinylcholine. The following results were obtained; 1) Serum potassium levels were significantly increased in the control group(p<0.05) and lidocaine group(p<0.001). 2) Serum potassium level were slightly incerased, but not significantly in the dTc group and dTc with lidocaine group. 3) Serum sodium levels were slightly decreased in all groups, but not significantly. 4) Serum chloride levels were slightly increased in all groups, but not significantly.
Administration, Intravenous ; Burns ; Creatine Kinase ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Lidocaine* ; Myalgia ; Potassium* ; Sodium ; Succinylcholine* ; Tetanus ; Tubocurarine* ; Uremia

This article is report the study of the pharmacokinetics and metabolic disposition of exogenous phosphocreatine (PCr) in rats by means of an ion-pair HPLC-UV assay. PCr and its metabolite creatine (Cr) and related-ATP in rat plasma and red blood cell (RBC) were simultaneously determined. A blank plasma and RBC were initially run for baseline subtraction. Plasma and RBC samples were deproteinized with 6% PCA prior to HPLC. Following i.v. administration of PCr 500 mg x kg(-1) and 1 000 mg x kg(-1) the C-T curve could be described by the two-compartment model with t1/2beta 22.5-23.3 min, V(d) 0.956 4-0.978 6 L x kg(-1), CL 0.029 L. kg(-1) x min(-1). The Cr as PCr degraded product appeared as early as 2 min post i.v. dosing with t(max) 20 min, t1/2kappa (m) 40.6-42.7 min and f(m) 60%-76%. After po administration of PCr, the parent drug in plasma was undetectable, but the metabolite Cr was detected with t(max) 65-95 min, t1/2kappa (m) 56.0-57.7 min, metabolite-based bioavailability F(m) 55.02%-62.31%. PCr i.v. administration resulted in significant elevation of ATP level in RBC but not in plasma, the related-ATP in RBC was characterized by t(max) 68-83 min, t1/2kappa 49-52 min. In RBC no exogenous PCr was found but Cr was detected following i.v. administration of PCr, with the t(max) 120 min and t1/2k (m) 70 min for Cr. The above results indicate that PCr eliminates and bio-transforms in body very rapidly; K > K(m) confers ERL, instead of FRL, type upon the metabolic disposition of Cr. Following po administration of PCr, the degraded product Cr is absorbed but not the parent drug PCr. The formed Cr can be accounted for by most of i.v. and po PCr. Intravenous dosing leads apparently increased and sustained Cr and related-ATP concentration in RBC.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Biological Availability ; Biotransformation ; Cardiotonic Agents ; administration & dosage ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Creatine ; administration & dosage ; metabolism ; pharmacokinetics ; Erythrocytes ; metabolism ; Injections, Intravenous ; Male ; Phosphocreatine ; administration & dosage ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Statins are commonly used in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia. Although the benefits of statins are well-documented, they have the potential to cause myopathy and rhabdomyolysis due to the complex interactions of drugs, comorbidities and genetics. The cytochrome P450 family consists of major enzymes involved in drug metabolism and bioactivation. This article aims to highlight drug interactions involving statins, as well as provide updated recommendations and approaches regarding the safe and appropriate use of statins in the primary care setting.
Aged ; Clarithromycin ; administration & dosage ; Colchicine ; administration & dosage ; Creatine Kinase ; metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A ; metabolism ; Drug Interactions ; Female ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; administration & dosage ; Lovastatin ; administration & dosage ; Muscle Weakness ; chemically induced ; Muscles ; drug effects ; Myalgia ; chemically induced ; Patient Safety

To explore the effect of long-time propofol infusion on myocardial enzymes, mitochondrial cytochrome C and ATP in rabbits. 
 Methods: A total of 18 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: a control group, a propofol group and an intralipid group. The rabbits were continuously infused with 0.9% normal saline in the control group, 1% propofol in the propofol group, and 10% intralipid in the intralipid group, respectivey. The arterial blood was collected at 0, 8, 16 h and the end of experiment to examine creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB). In the end, the myocardial mitochondria from myocardial tissues was separated by differential centrifugation, and mitochondrial cytochrome C content and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were examined by high performance liquid chromatography.
 Results: Compared with the control group, the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria were increased in the propofol group and the intralipid group (both P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between them (P>0.05). There was also no significant difference in the ATP content of the mitochondria among the 3 groups (P>0.05). The levels of CK were increased at 8, 16 and 24 h after infusion in the propofol group and the intralipid group compared with that before the infusion (all P<0.05); compared with the control group, the levels of CK were increased at 8, 16 and 24 h after infusion in the propofol group and the intralipid group (all P<0.05); compared with the intralipid group, the levels of CK were increased at 8, 16 and 24 h after infusion in the propofol group (all P>0.05); compared with the control group, the levels of CK-MB were obviously increased in the infusion of propofol for 24 h in the propofol group (P<0.05).
 Conclusion: The levels of serum CK increase after the infusion of propofol and intralipid for a long time, and the levels of CK-MB also elevate in the infusion of propofol. Propofol and intralipid can increase the release of myocardial mitochondrial cytochrome C, but they don't affect the ATP production in myocardial mitochondrial.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; metabolism ; Animals ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; metabolism ; Creatine Kinase, MB Form ; blood ; metabolism ; Cytochromes c ; metabolism ; Emulsions ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Mitochondria ; drug effects ; Myocardium ; chemistry ; enzymology ; Phospholipids ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Polyphosphates ; Propofol ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Rabbits ; Soybean Oil ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology

PURPOSE: It is unknown whether cilostazol pretreatment reduces postprocedural myonecrosis (PPMN). Cilostazol pretreatment reduces PPMN after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 120 patients with stable angina scheduled for elective PCI were randomly assigned to a 7-day pretreatment with Cilostazol (200 mg/day) or to a control group. Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels were measured at baseline and at 6 and 24 hours after PCI. The primary end-point was the occurrence of PPMN, defined as any CK-MB elevation above the upper normal limit (UNL). Aspirin and clopidogrel were co-administered for 7 days before PCI, and resistance to these agents was then assayed using the VerifyNow System. RESULTS: There was no difference in baseline characteristics between the final analyzable cilostazol (n=54) and the control group (n=56). Despite a significantly greater % inhibition of clopidogrel in the cilostazol group (39+/-23% versus 25+/-22%, p=0.003), the incidence of PPMN was similar between the cilostazol group (24%) and the control group (25%, p=1.000). The rate of CK-MB elevation at > or =3 times UNL was also similar between the two groups (6% versus 5%, p=0.583). The incidence of cTnI increase over the UNL or to 3 times the UNL was not different between the two groups. There was no significant difference in terms of the rate of adverse events during follow-up, although the cilostazol group showed a tendency to have a slightly higher incidence of entry site hematoma. CONCLUSION: This trial demonstrated that adjunctive cilostazol pretreatment might not significantly reduce PPMN after elective PCI in patients with stable angina.
Aged ; Angina, Stable/drug therapy/enzymology/therapy ; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary/*adverse effects ; Creatine Kinase, MB Form/blood ; Female ; Heart Injuries/etiology/prevention & control ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardium/pathology ; Necrosis ; Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitors/*administration & dosage ; Prospective Studies ; Tetrazoles/*administration & dosage

OBJECTIVETo study the protective effect of carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation on the serious limb ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and which effects caused to shock in rats.

METHODS36 SD rats were randomly divided into I/R, I/R + CO (RC), sham operation (S) groups. I/R injury models were made by the occlusion of the femoral artery for 8 h and the reperfusion for 12 h, 10 d. Before reperfusion of 2 h, RC group started to breathe medical air containing CO (the volume fraction of CO: 0.075%) continuously, until after reperfusion for 4 h, a total of inhalation 6 h. S, I/R groups exposed to air, breathe freely. Caudal artery pressures (CAP), ten days survival rate, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activity, limb wet - to - dry weight ratio (W/D) and the pathologic changes of limb were observed.

RESULTSOnce the reperfusion started, the CAP decreased rapidly in I/R group, and the mean reduced to(5.3259 +/- 0.3832) kPa when reperfusion for 8 h. Compared to I/R group, the CAP decreased slower and smaller in RC group, moreover, its mean reduced to (8.3300 +/- 0.4224) kPa when reperfusion for 8 h. The 10 d survival rate in I/R group was that 8 rats died all between reperfusion for 13 - 20 h. Only 1 rat died in RC group and the other 7 rats were still alive when reperfusion for 10 d. Compared to I/R group, the pathological features of the ischemic limb were significant ly improved, and the figures of W/D, serum LDH and CK value were remarkable lower in RC group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONInhaling exogenous low-dose CO has a reverse regulation in the blood pressure decline caused by serious limb I/R injury in rats. And at the same time, it can effectively prevent the occurrence of shock, reduce physical damage, significantly increase the survival rate of animals.

Administration, Inhalation ; Animals ; Carbon Monoxide ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; Extremities ; blood supply ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; blood ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; physiopathology ; prevention & control ; Shock ; etiology ; prevention & control

OBJECTIVETo observe the protective effects of paeonol, paeoniflorin, and their compatibility on in vitro cultured cardiomyocytes suffering from hypoxia-reoxygenation injury.

METHODSCardiomyocytes from neonatal rats were in vitro cultured and injured by a hypoxia of 2.5 - 5 h and a following 2-h reoxygenation. To observe the effects of paeonol and paeoniflorin, four doses of 100, 75, 50 and 25 mg/L were respectively set up. And to observe the compatibility of paeonol and paeoniflorin, five doses were set up as follows: paeonol 40 and 20 mg/L, paeoniflorin 40 and 20 mg/L, compatibility of paeonol 20 mg/L and paeoniflorin 20 mg/L. The above drugs were incubated with cardiomyocytes during the hypoxia and reoxygenation period respectively. No drug intervention was given to the model group, while no modeling was given to the normal control group. The transudatory creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the culture medium were determined after the hypoxia period and the reoxygenation period respectively, and the total outleakage and the leakage inhibition ratio during the whole procedure were calculated. Results of each group were got from parallel operations for 5 times.

RESULTSCompared with the normal control group, the MDA leakage increased 2.5 h after hypoxia, the leakage and the total outleakage of CK, LDH, and MDA all significantly increased 3 and 5 h after hypoxia, and 2 h after reoxygenation. The leakage inhibition ratio of each index decreased with statistical difference (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the leakage and the total outleakage of LDH and MDA both decreased in the high dose paeonol group, and the high and middle dose paeoniflorin groups after hypoxia and 2 h after reoxygenation (P<0.01, P<0.05), and the leakage inhibition ratio of each index increased (P<0.01, P<0.05). However, the leakage and the total outleakage of CK decreased in the low dose and the extreme low dose paeonol groups only 2 h after reoxygenation (P<0.01, P<0.05), while the leakage inhibition ratio of CK increased (P<0.01). The leakage and the total outleakage of LDH decreased in the extreme low dose paeoniflorin group only 2 h after reoxygenation (P<0.01), while the leakage inhibition ratio of LDH increased (P<0.01). The effects of their compatibility showed no significant difference (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONSPaeonol, paeoniflorin, and their compatibility all have remarkable protective effects on in vitro cultured cardiomyocytes suffering from hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. There was no significant synergistic effect when paeonol was used with paeoniflorin together.

Acetophenones ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Benzoates ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Bridged-Ring Compounds ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Cell Hypoxia ; Cells, Cultured ; Creatine Kinase ; metabolism ; Glucosides ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Monoterpenes ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Rats

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of Shuangshen Ningxin (SSNX) formula on energy metabolism of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion rats.

METHODThe myocardial ischemia/reperfusion model of Wistar rats was established through the ligation of left anterior descending branch of coronary artery of for 40 min and the reperfusion for 2 h. The Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: the sham operation group, the model group, the Trimetazidine group (10 mg x kg(-1)) and SSNX groups (22.5, 45, 90 mg x kg(-1)). Preventive administration was conducted for 5 d. The operation was performed at 1 h on the day of the last administration. CK-MB assay kit was adopted to detect the activity of serum CK-MB. HPLC was used to determine ATP, ADP and AMP contents in myocardial tissues and calculate TAN and EC.

RESULTThe preventive administration with SSNX could reduce the activity of serum CK-MB and increase ATP content and EC level in myocardial tissues (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05 vs. the model group).

CONCLUSIONSSNX formula can maintain energy charge in cardiomyocytes and relieve ischemia/reperfusion injury by preserving ischemic myocardium ATP.

Adenosine Diphosphate ; metabolism ; Adenosine Monophosphate ; metabolism ; Animals ; Creatine Kinase, MB Form ; blood ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Energy Metabolism ; drug effects ; Humans ; Male ; Myocardial Ischemia ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; surgery ; Myocardial Reperfusion ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo investigate the protective effects of injection of Danhong against acute myocardial ischemia in dogs.

METHODThe myocardial ischemia model were established by ligation of coronary artery in dogs. The degree of myocardial ischemia and the myocardial infarction size were observed before and after giving injection of Danhong. The serum creatine phosphokinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were also determined.

RESULTInjection of Danhong (1, 2, 4 g x kg(-1)) could significantly decreased the damage degree of myocardial ischemia, redused myocardial infarction size and also reduced the serum LDH and CK activities.

CONCLUSIONInjection of Danhong had protective action on myocardial ischemia.

Animals ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; Dogs ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Injections ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; blood ; Myocardial Infarction ; blood ; complications ; pathology ; Myocardial Ischemia ; blood ; complications ; drug therapy ; prevention & control