No abstract available.
Adolescent ; Cotinine ; Humans ; Tobacco

Objectives: The reliability of surveys on smoking habits based on questionnaires was investigated, using the urinary cotinine content as an objective index. Methods: The subjects tested were 2,849 office workers of middle age, who responded to questions concerning their smoking status, and also their urinary cotinine was measured by the HPLC method. Results: The boundary value between smokers and non-smokers, determined by the histogram independent of the questionnaire, was 63.1 and 79.4 ng/mg of creatinine for males and females, respectively. The rate of misclassification of the non-smokers and former smokers as smokers was 1.3% for males and 1.8% for females, whereas that of current smokers as non-smokers was 6.3% and 2.1%. We also assessed the effect of smoke inhalation on the urinary cotinine value, and found a significant difference for males in the cotinine value by the presence of inhalation and also its depth. Conclusions: The rate of misclassification in this study was considered to be comparatively low. Several studies have also assessed the reliability of the questionnaire on smoking habits, and found different misclassification rates, indicating the dependence on the race and number of subjects tested. To our knowledge, there were only a few surveys on smoking among large groups, particularly in Japan, such as this one, therefore the results obtained in this study are meaningful.
Smoking ; Cotinine ; Indexes ; seconds ; Urine

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and the urine cotinine concentrations in Korean adolescents. METHODS: The study population was 1st grade high school adolescents (n = 1467, girls 22.2%) recruited from four high schools, two from Seoul, one from Kangleung and one from Woolsan. We obtained information on active smoking and ETS exposure through self-reported questionnaire and urine cotinine concentrations. RESULTS: The prevalence of active smoking was 6.9% in boys and 0.9% in girls. Median urine cotinine concentrations were 19.5 microgram/L (range, 0-2341 microgram/L) among smokers, and 0 microgram/L (range, 0-1359 microgram/L) among nonsmokers. The positive rate of urine cotinine among nonsmokers exposed to ETS was 2.9%. Boys were exposed to ETS in the order of frequency in PC room (79.6%), home (39.4%), school (11.5%), and public places (5.9%); girls were exposed in the order of frequency in home (40.9%), PC room (33.2%), public places (28.0%), and school (15.2%). The frequency and duration of ETS exposure were significantly larger and longer in boys than in girls. Boys contacted friends who smoked more than girls did (32.6% vs. 17.1%). Parents; smoking status was similar both in boys and girls. Any information on ETS exposure did not differ according to the detectable urine cotinine among nonsmoking adolescents. CONCLUSION: Low positive rate of urine cotinine and no association of urine cotinine with various ETS exposure history reflect that urine cotinine may not be a good marker for ETS exposure in Korean adolescents.
Adolescent ; Cotinine ; Friends ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tobacco ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as the best quantitative marker of smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between indoor ETS and urinary cotinine level of the passive smokers. METHODS: We selected 42 nonsmokers who lived in Seoul and were not exposed to passive smoking at least 5 days before test. Urinary cotinine levels were measured by Smokescreen Colorimeter (Surescreen Diagnostics LTD, U.K.). We measured urinary cotinine levels twice (before and after smoking exposure). RESULTS: The mean urinary cotinine level was 0.33microgram/mL before smoking exposure, and 0.46microgram/mL after smoking exposure. There was statistically significant difference (P-value=0.003). There was no significant difference between exposure time and increase of urinary cotinine level(P=0.138, r=-0.233). There was also no significant difference between measuring time taking after exposure and increase of urinary cotinine level (P=0.671, r=0.067). CONCLUSION: One experience of indoor exposure to ETS caused significant elevation of urinary cotinine level.
Cotinine* ; Nicotine ; Seoul ; Smoke* ; Smoking ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

BACKGROUND: Cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as the best quantitative marker of smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between indoor ETS and urinary cotinine level of the passive smokers. METHODS: We selected 42 nonsmokers who lived in Seoul and were not exposed to passive smoking at least 5 days before test. Urinary cotinine levels were measured by Smokescreen Colorimeter (Surescreen Diagnostics LTD, U.K.). We measured urinary cotinine levels twice (before and after smoking exposure). RESULTS: The mean urinary cotinine level was 0.33microgram/mL before smoking exposure, and 0.46microgram/mL after smoking exposure. There was statistically significant difference (P-value=0.003). There was no significant difference between exposure time and increase of urinary cotinine level(P=0.138, r=-0.233). There was also no significant difference between measuring time taking after exposure and increase of urinary cotinine level (P=0.671, r=0.067). CONCLUSION: One experience of indoor exposure to ETS caused significant elevation of urinary cotinine level.
Cotinine* ; Nicotine ; Seoul ; Smoke* ; Smoking ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of young people go to clubs. In Korea, however, no studies have been conducted regarding the exposure of club patrons to secondhand smoke. The present study was conducted to evaluate the degree of club customers' exposure to secondhand smoke. METHODS: The study subjects included 10 male and 12 female non-smokers. The investigational site was a club located in Daegu. Urine samples were collected before exposure to secondhand smoke in the club and 6 hours after a 3-hour exposure. The urine cotinine levels were measured via the LC-MS/MS method. A survey was conducted to collect data regarding the subjects' smoking experiences and the degree of exposure to secondhand smoke in their daily lives. RESULTS: The average urine cotinine level increased from 1.09 microg/L to 5.55 microg/L (p<0.05). No significant difference existed in the change in urine cotinine level between the male and female subjects. In addition, there was no significant difference in the change in urine cotinine level by the degree of exposure to secondhand smoke in daily life. CONCLUSIONS: The average urine cotinine level in all the subjects significantly increased after exposure to secondhand smoke. This is the first study on exposure to secondhand smoke in clubs; these results can be used to craft measures that reduce exposure to secondhand smoke in public places, such as clubs.
Cotinine ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

BACKGROUND: Self-reports of smoking may not always be reliable. A number of biochemical markers have been used to validate claims of nonsmoking, among which the most widely used specific marker has been the nicotine metabolite cotinine. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for urinary cotinine to determine smoking status. METHODS: Questionnaires on smoking and urinary cotinine measures were studied in 287 persons. Urinary cotinine concentration was measured by the Cotinine Enzyme Immunoassay (Diagnostic Reagents, Inc., CA, USA) on the 502X Multiple Chemistry Unit (A &T Co., Tokyo, Japan). RESULTS: Using cutoffs of 0 ng/mL, 20 ng/mL or 100 ng/mL for urinary cotinine measured by the EIA method, the sensitivities were 100%, 97.6%, and 94.4% respectively and the specificities were 97.5%, 98.8%, and 100% respectively. By retrograde telephone questionnaires, 3.8% of the subjects were confirmed as deceiving their smoking status. Active smokers of <10 cigarettes per day had a lower mean cotinine level (492 ng/mL) than those who smoked > or =10 cigarettes (1, 052 ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary cotinine measured by EIA is a rapid, lab-based test that can reliably determine smoking status. Considering the various purpose of the test, different cut-offs should be used.
Biomarkers ; Chemistry ; Cotinine* ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Indicators and Reagents ; Nicotine ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Telephone ; Tobacco Products ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study was designed to develop the life moking cessation program with multidisciplinary approach using the Bandura's theory of self-efficacy and confirm the effect of it on the self-efficacy and smoking amount in college students. For this purpose non-equivalent control group, pretest-posttest design was used. The participating subjects in this study were 46 male college freshmen, 23 in experimental and 23 in control group. The experimental group received the 8 sessions of lecture and small group discussions for 4 weeks and a telephone coaching program for a period of 8 weeks. The control group received 5 sessions of lecture without further treatments. The data was collected from March 15 to June 11, 1999, and analysed by SAS/PC program with X2 test, simple t, paired t test. The results were as follows. 1. The score of self-efficacy was significantly increased over time in the experimental group than those of the control group. 2. The amount of urine cotinine was decreased over time in the experimental group, number of cigarettes smoked a day were significantly decreased, and they were significantly less than those of the control group. In conclusion it was found that the Life Smoking Cessation Program with Multidisciplinary Approach was an effective nursing intervention for increasing self efficacy and reducing the amount of smoking in male college students. Therefore, future smoking cessation programs should always consider the concept of self-efficacy and ways to positively reinforce it.
Cotinine ; Humans ; Male ; Nursing ; Self Efficacy ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation* ; Smoking* ; Telephone ; Tobacco Products

This descriptive study was conducted to investigate the factors related to adolescent's smoking and to find out relationship between their self reported cigarette smoking and urine cotinine level. The subjects for this study were 68 adolescents attending in a technical high school located in Seoul. The data was collected from April 1 to June 13, 1996 using a questionnaire and their urine was collected simultaneously for the cotinine analysis. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, GLM, Pearson Correlation using SAS program. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: 1. Those subject who spend more than 2 hours each day with smoking friends, who spends more than 30,000 won from their parent's stipends each month, two recognize their smoking behavior can be accepted by their parents, who drink alcohol, smokes significantly mor than those subjects who spend less than 2 hours each day with smoking friends, have less than 30,000 won from their parent's stipends each month, recognizes their parents will be very upset for their smoking behavior, who do not drink alcohol( self report: 94, p=.004; t=3.875, p=.003; t=4.46, p=.003; t=4.08, p=.006, urine cotinine; t=2.678, p=.009; t=33.229, p=.002; t=2.84, p=.005; t=3.29, p=.003). 2. There were positive correlation between their self report of cigarette smoking and urine cotinine level in all groups regardless of ; having religion, level of satisfaction to school, length of time spent with smoking friends, amount of stipend each month, parent's response to their smoking behavior, drinking habits. However there was no relationship between their self report of cigarette smoking and urine cotinine level in a group who smoke more than 11 cigarettes each day. The findings of this study reveals that adolescents can provide fairly honest self reports of their cigarette smoking if trusting relationships can be established between the researcher and the subjects.
Adolescent ; Cotinine* ; Drinking Behavior ; Friends ; Humans ; Parents ; Self Report* ; Seoul ; Smoke ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Products* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to understand the effects of a program to improve self-esteem and smoking cessation self-efficiency on smoking high school students' self-esteem, smoking cessation self-efficiency, amount of smoking, cotinine in urine, and carbon monoxide while exhalation. METHODS: This research was conducted as a quasi-experimental pretest and posttest control and experimental group methodological comparison study. The subjects were 45 smoking high school students (Exp.=22, Cont.=23) in U City. Data were collected from October 19 to December 7, 2010, and analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program by frequency, Mann-Whitney test, means, standard deviations, and Willcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: After the treatment, those belonging to the experimental group showed significantly increased self-esteem and smoking cessation self-efficacy and also showed decreased amount of smoking, cotinine in urine, and carbon monoxide while exhalation compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The self-esteem and smoking cessation self-efficacy improvement program was effective in improving self-esteem and smoking cessation self-efficacy and in diminishing the amount of smoking, cotinine in urine and carbon monoxide while exhalation. Therefore, this program is recommended as a smoking cessation strategy for smoking adolescents.
Adolescent ; Carbon Monoxide ; Cotinine ; Exhalation ; Humans ; Self Concept ; Self Efficacy ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation* ; Smoking*