No abstract available.
Adolescent ; Cotinine ; Humans ; Tobacco

Objectives: The reliability of surveys on smoking habits based on questionnaires was investigated, using the urinary cotinine content as an objective index. Methods: The subjects tested were 2,849 office workers of middle age, who responded to questions concerning their smoking status, and also their urinary cotinine was measured by the HPLC method. Results: The boundary value between smokers and non-smokers, determined by the histogram independent of the questionnaire, was 63.1 and 79.4 ng/mg of creatinine for males and females, respectively. The rate of misclassification of the non-smokers and former smokers as smokers was 1.3% for males and 1.8% for females, whereas that of current smokers as non-smokers was 6.3% and 2.1%. We also assessed the effect of smoke inhalation on the urinary cotinine value, and found a significant difference for males in the cotinine value by the presence of inhalation and also its depth. Conclusions: The rate of misclassification in this study was considered to be comparatively low. Several studies have also assessed the reliability of the questionnaire on smoking habits, and found different misclassification rates, indicating the dependence on the race and number of subjects tested. To our knowledge, there were only a few surveys on smoking among large groups, particularly in Japan, such as this one, therefore the results obtained in this study are meaningful.
Smoking ; Cotinine ; Indexes ; seconds ; Urine

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and the urine cotinine concentrations in Korean adolescents. METHODS: The study population was 1st grade high school adolescents (n = 1467, girls 22.2%) recruited from four high schools, two from Seoul, one from Kangleung and one from Woolsan. We obtained information on active smoking and ETS exposure through self-reported questionnaire and urine cotinine concentrations. RESULTS: The prevalence of active smoking was 6.9% in boys and 0.9% in girls. Median urine cotinine concentrations were 19.5 microgram/L (range, 0-2341 microgram/L) among smokers, and 0 microgram/L (range, 0-1359 microgram/L) among nonsmokers. The positive rate of urine cotinine among nonsmokers exposed to ETS was 2.9%. Boys were exposed to ETS in the order of frequency in PC room (79.6%), home (39.4%), school (11.5%), and public places (5.9%); girls were exposed in the order of frequency in home (40.9%), PC room (33.2%), public places (28.0%), and school (15.2%). The frequency and duration of ETS exposure were significantly larger and longer in boys than in girls. Boys contacted friends who smoked more than girls did (32.6% vs. 17.1%). Parents; smoking status was similar both in boys and girls. Any information on ETS exposure did not differ according to the detectable urine cotinine among nonsmoking adolescents. CONCLUSION: Low positive rate of urine cotinine and no association of urine cotinine with various ETS exposure history reflect that urine cotinine may not be a good marker for ETS exposure in Korean adolescents.
Adolescent ; Cotinine ; Friends ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tobacco ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as the best quantitative marker of smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between indoor ETS and urinary cotinine level of the passive smokers. METHODS: We selected 42 nonsmokers who lived in Seoul and were not exposed to passive smoking at least 5 days before test. Urinary cotinine levels were measured by Smokescreen Colorimeter (Surescreen Diagnostics LTD, U.K.). We measured urinary cotinine levels twice (before and after smoking exposure). RESULTS: The mean urinary cotinine level was 0.33microgram/mL before smoking exposure, and 0.46microgram/mL after smoking exposure. There was statistically significant difference (P-value=0.003). There was no significant difference between exposure time and increase of urinary cotinine level(P=0.138, r=-0.233). There was also no significant difference between measuring time taking after exposure and increase of urinary cotinine level (P=0.671, r=0.067). CONCLUSION: One experience of indoor exposure to ETS caused significant elevation of urinary cotinine level.
Cotinine* ; Nicotine ; Seoul ; Smoke* ; Smoking ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

BACKGROUND: Cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as the best quantitative marker of smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between indoor ETS and urinary cotinine level of the passive smokers. METHODS: We selected 42 nonsmokers who lived in Seoul and were not exposed to passive smoking at least 5 days before test. Urinary cotinine levels were measured by Smokescreen Colorimeter (Surescreen Diagnostics LTD, U.K.). We measured urinary cotinine levels twice (before and after smoking exposure). RESULTS: The mean urinary cotinine level was 0.33microgram/mL before smoking exposure, and 0.46microgram/mL after smoking exposure. There was statistically significant difference (P-value=0.003). There was no significant difference between exposure time and increase of urinary cotinine level(P=0.138, r=-0.233). There was also no significant difference between measuring time taking after exposure and increase of urinary cotinine level (P=0.671, r=0.067). CONCLUSION: One experience of indoor exposure to ETS caused significant elevation of urinary cotinine level.
Cotinine* ; Nicotine ; Seoul ; Smoke* ; Smoking ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of young people go to clubs. In Korea, however, no studies have been conducted regarding the exposure of club patrons to secondhand smoke. The present study was conducted to evaluate the degree of club customers' exposure to secondhand smoke. METHODS: The study subjects included 10 male and 12 female non-smokers. The investigational site was a club located in Daegu. Urine samples were collected before exposure to secondhand smoke in the club and 6 hours after a 3-hour exposure. The urine cotinine levels were measured via the LC-MS/MS method. A survey was conducted to collect data regarding the subjects' smoking experiences and the degree of exposure to secondhand smoke in their daily lives. RESULTS: The average urine cotinine level increased from 1.09 microg/L to 5.55 microg/L (p<0.05). No significant difference existed in the change in urine cotinine level between the male and female subjects. In addition, there was no significant difference in the change in urine cotinine level by the degree of exposure to secondhand smoke in daily life. CONCLUSIONS: The average urine cotinine level in all the subjects significantly increased after exposure to secondhand smoke. This is the first study on exposure to secondhand smoke in clubs; these results can be used to craft measures that reduce exposure to secondhand smoke in public places, such as clubs.
Cotinine ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

PURPOSE: This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the association between self-reported exposure status to second-hand smoke and urinary cotinine level in pregnant nonsmokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited pregnant nonsmokers from the prenatal care clinics of a university hospital and two community health centers, and their urinary cotinine concentrations were measured. RESULTS: Among a total of 412 pregnant nonsmokers, the proportions of self-reported exposure to second-hand smoke and positive urinary cotinine level were 60.4% and 3.4%, respectively. Among those, 4.8% of the participants who reported exposure to second-hand smoke had cotinine levels of 40 ng/mL (the kappa value = 0.029, p = 0.049). Among those who reported living with smokers (n = 170), "smoking currently permitted in the whole house" (vs. not permitted at home) was associated with positive urinary cotinine in the univariable analysis. Furthermore, this variable showed a significant association with positive urinary cotinine in the stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis [Odds ratio (OR), 15.6; 95% Confidence interval (CI) = 2.1-115.4]. CONCLUSION: In the current study, the association between self-reported exposure status to second-hand smoke and positive urinary cotinine in pregnant nonsmokers was poor. "Smoking currently permitted in the whole house" was a significant factor of positive urinary cotinine in pregnant nonsmokers. Furthermore, we suggest that a complete smoking ban at home should be considered to avoid potential adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes due to second-hand smoke.
Adult ; Cotinine/*urine ; *Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Regression Analysis ; *Tobacco Smoke Pollution

BACKGROUND: Self-reports of smoking may not always be reliable. A number of biochemical markers have been used to validate claims of nonsmoking, among which the most widely used specific marker has been the nicotine metabolite cotinine. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for urinary cotinine to determine smoking status. METHODS: Questionnaires on smoking and urinary cotinine measures were studied in 287 persons. Urinary cotinine concentration was measured by the Cotinine Enzyme Immunoassay (Diagnostic Reagents, Inc., CA, USA) on the 502X Multiple Chemistry Unit (A &T Co., Tokyo, Japan). RESULTS: Using cutoffs of 0 ng/mL, 20 ng/mL or 100 ng/mL for urinary cotinine measured by the EIA method, the sensitivities were 100%, 97.6%, and 94.4% respectively and the specificities were 97.5%, 98.8%, and 100% respectively. By retrograde telephone questionnaires, 3.8% of the subjects were confirmed as deceiving their smoking status. Active smokers of <10 cigarettes per day had a lower mean cotinine level (492 ng/mL) than those who smoked > or =10 cigarettes (1, 052 ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary cotinine measured by EIA is a rapid, lab-based test that can reliably determine smoking status. Considering the various purpose of the test, different cut-offs should be used.
Biomarkers ; Chemistry ; Cotinine* ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Indicators and Reagents ; Nicotine ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Telephone ; Tobacco Products ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Smoking is a major risk factor of stroke, but not all smokers develop stroke. This individual difference could be explained by the variation of detoxification capacity. We investigated the relationship of smoking with the genetic polymorphism of a detoxification enzyme (glutathione S-transferase: GST). METHODS: This study was conducted as a case-control study. Conventional risk factors for stroke and 3 genetic polymorphisms of GST (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1) were studied in both 290 acute ischemic stroke patients and 290 age and sex matched controls. Smoking status was determined by urinary cotinine level. The effect of interaction of GST polymorphisms and smoking on stroke risk was investigated. RESULTS: Stroke patients had higher cotinine level compared to that of control (P<0.01). There was little difference between the patient group and control group with regard to the GST polymorphism alone, but significant interaction was noticed between the GST polymorphism and the smoking status. When we stratified the group according to the smoking status by cotinine level, stroke was significantly more frequent in GSTM1 null type and GSTT1, GSTP1 wild type of the high cotinine level group (OR and 95% CI: 2.115, 1.219-3.670; 2.620, 1.480-4.638; 2.212, 1.343-3.644 respectively). CONCLUSION: GST polymorphisms interact with the smoking and confer an increased risk of ischemic stroke, indicating that genetic polymorphism of GST might reveal smokers who are more susceptible to the ischemic stroke.
Case-Control Studies ; Cotinine ; Glutathione ; Glutathione Transferase ; Humans ; Individuality ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Stroke

PURPOSE: In this study, the effectiveness of a motivational interviewing smoking cessation YOU-TURN program for adolescents was examined. The program was based on the self-determination theory. METHODS: The study was carried out with a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Participants in the present study were 136 high school students living in D city. The students were assigned to the experimental group (n=52) who participated in the motivational interviewing smoking cessation YOU-TURN program based on self-determination theory, or to the control group (n=84) who participated in a general smoking cessation program. Data were collected from September 1, 2013 through April 30, 2014. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS PC+ 21.0 with Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Repeated Measures ANOVA, and MANOVA-Wilk's Lambda. RESULTS: The experimental group had a significant increase in basic psychological needs, and duration of quitting-smoking in comparison with the control group. The experimental group had a significant decrease in cigarettes smoked per day and cotinine in urine in comparison with the control group. CONCLUSION: The motivational interviewing YOU-TURN program, when delivered to adolescents who smoked, was effective in discouraging smoking, and can be utilized as an effective nursing intervention for adolescents who smoke.
Adolescent ; Cotinine/urine ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Motivational Interviewing ; *Personal Autonomy ; *Program Evaluation ; Psychology, Adolescent ; *Smoking Cessation