Cross-sectional survey woman in reproductive age (from 15 to 49 years old) who use free cost contraceptive pills in 2003. Result: Women who accept to buy contraceptive pill are from 26 to 49 years of age commonly (92,7%), housewife (40,6%), married (98,8%), and education level from primary to secondary (74,1%). The percentage of women having income from 300.000 to 700.000 per month who accept to buy contraceptive pill is highest (62,3%). 2. Ideal drug is bought by 88,4%. The percentage of women who accept to buy contraceptive is quite high (93,8%), among them 50,2% are at the ready to buy, 43,6 can buy. 54,5% don’t buy due to no have money and 29,6% due to unconvenient.
Contraceptive Agents ; Contraceptive Agents, Female ; Women ; Age Factors

Because genetic characteristics vary among subjects, the therapeutic effects of a certain drug differ among patients with the same disease. For this reason, special interest has focused on tailored treatments. Although it is well known that sex is genetically determined, little attention has been paid to sex differences in the clinical features and treatment of asthma. Females are more likely to suffer allergic asthma, to have difficulty controlling asthma symptoms, and to show adverse effects to drugs. As asthma symptoms show cyclic changes depending on female hormone levels in many women of child-bearing age, the use of contraceptives may specifically help to treat female patients with asthma such as those with perimenstrual asthma and severe asthma. Generally, testosterone seems to suppress asthma, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a less virilizing androgen, may be effective for treating asthma. Evidence exists for a therapeutic and steroid-sparing effect of DHEA. However, further studies on the optimal dose and route of DHEA for each sex are needed. Monitoring of the serum DHEA-S level is necessary for patients with asthma on inhaled steroid treatment, and at minimum, replacement therapy for patients with a low level of DHEA may be helpful for treating their asthma.
Asthma ; Contraceptive Agents ; Dehydroepiandrosterone ; Female ; Humans ; Sex Characteristics ; Testosterone

This paper introduces the basic content of the compulsory national standard ISO 7439:2015 Copper-bearing contraceptive intrauterine devices--Requirements and tests standard analysis, and expounds the reasons for revising part of the standard during the conversion process according to the actual market situation of intrauterine contraceptive device containing copper in China. As a compulsory basic universal standard, it has a guiding significance for the manufacturers of IUD and can promote the improvement of product quality.
China ; Contraceptive Agents ; Copper ; Female ; Humans ; Intrauterine Devices

BACKGROUND: There is a dearth of studies that explore the perceptions of male partners of adolescent females towards the intention of pursuing contraception.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of male partner perceptions in the intention to use of contraception among female adolescents to prevent unplanned repeat pregnancies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: An urban sample of 102 male partners of female adolescents with previous pregnancy experience coming from the out-patient department and selected barangay health center responded to a two-part questionnaire that explored their perceptions towards contraception. Demographic data and their positive and negative views, attitudes and actual practice of contraception as it affects future intention to engage in family planning methods were determined.

RESULTS: Male sexual partners have positive perceptions towards contraception. Despite this, utilization rate was still low (56.8%). Positively correlated with contraceptive intention include the male partner's advanced age and high level of education. Perceptions that favor strong intention include careful pregnancy planning in the future, not wanting a pregnancy too soon, knowledge of a specific method, its perceived benefits, "shared decision" making, feeling "happy" when contraceptives are offered rather than forced and when a woman lacks trust in him. Forcing contraception by the female adolescent partner was negatively correlated with contraceptive intention.

CONCLUSION: Shared decision making towards contraception in order to reduce unintended pregnancies should engage the male partner's participation by correcting prevailing misperceptions.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Pregnancy ; Family Planning Services ; Contraceptive Agents ; Sexual Partners ; Outpatients ; Contraception ; Pregnancy, Unplanned ; Contraceptive Devices

BACKGROUNDDepot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) as a hormonal contraceptive is highly effective and widely used, but it may reduce bone mineral density (BMD) and increase the risk of osteoporosis. We compared BMD between users of intramuscular DMPA and nonhormonal subjects.

METHODSThe study included 102 women aged between 16 and 18 years using DMPA for 24 months and 97 women aged between 16 and 18 years using nonhormonal contraception as nonusers control group. BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck was measured every 12 months for 24 months using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, comparing mean BMD changes in DMPA users and nonusers.

RESULTSThere were no significant differences between groups at baseline in age, gynecologic age, body mass index (BMI), lumbar spine BMD and femoral neck BMD, etc. At 24 months of DMPA treatment, the mean percentage change from baseline in lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD values had decreased by 1.88% and 2.32%, respectively. The mean lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD in DMPA group at 24 months were not significantly different compared to baseline (P = 0.212 and P = 0.106, respectively). In comparison, in nonhormonal control group, there was a trend toward increasing BMD. At 24 months of observation, the mean percentage change from baseline in lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD had increased by 2.08% and 1.46%, respectively. There were no significant difference compared to baseline (P = 0.160 and P = 0.288, respectively). Mean BMD at the spine and femoral neck did not differ significantly between DMPA users and nonusers over 12-month, but the BMD values at both anatomical sites were significantly lower in DMPA users compared with nonusers after 24-month treatment (P = 0.009 and P = 0.009, respectively).

CONCLUSIONThe evidence of our study suggested that the use of DMPA for short-term (≤12-month) has no significant effects on BMD at spine and femoral neck, but long-term exposure to DMPA may prevent the bone mass accrual in adolescents.

Adolescent ; Bone Density ; drug effects ; Contraceptive Agents, Female ; pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ; pharmacology

This study taking gestodene (GEST) as a model, investigated the factors affecting reservoir-type intravaginal ring (IVR)'s drug release. This paper reported a gestodene intravaginal ring of reservoir design, comprising a gestodene silicone elastomer core encased in a non-medicated silicone sheath, separately manufactured by reaction injection moulding at 80 degrees C and heating vulcanization at 130 degrees C is reported. The test investigated the factors affecting drug release through a single variable method, taking the drug release rates of 21 days as standards. When changing the thickness of the controlling sheath outside, the ratio of the first day of drug release and mean daily release (MDR), named the relatively burst effect, is closing to 1 with the thickness of controlling sheath increasing, while the 1.25 mm sheath corresponding to 1.04 controlled the burst release effectively; a positive correlation (r = 0.992 2) existed between the average drug release (Q/t) and drug loading (A) within a certain range. The C6-165 controlling sheath with high solubility of GEST is easier to achieve controlled release of the drug; GEST crystalline power is more effective to implement controlled release of drugs among difficent states of the drug. A 1/4 fractional segment core gives a relatively burst effect of 1.76, while the 1/1 and 1/2 are 1.93 and 1.87 separately, at the same drug loading, concluding that use of a fractional segment core would allow development of a suitable GEST reservoir IVR. In summary, GEST reservoir-type IVR could be adjusted by the thickness of controlling sheath, the loading of drug, the material properties of controlling sheath, the dispersion state of drug, the additive composition and structure of intravaginal ring, to control the drug release behavior and achieve the desired drug release rate.
Administration, Intravaginal ; Contraceptive Agents, Female ; administration & dosage ; Contraceptive Devices, Female ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Drug Delivery Systems ; methods ; Norpregnenes ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Silicone Elastomers ; chemistry ; Solubility

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify relationships among knowledge and attitudes of unmarried mothers toward emergency contraceptive pills. METHODS: Data were collected through structured questionnaires from 135 unmarried mothers enrolled in 7 single mothers' facilities nationwide. Data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 17.0 program for descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe-test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS: For knowledge about emergency contraceptive pills, there were significant differences among who live with her before pregnancy, experience of past pregnancies, state of present pregnancy and preparation in using contraceptives. For attitude toward emergency contraceptive pills, there were significant differences according to age, education level and religion. There were significant positive relationships between knowledge and attitudes toward emergency contraceptive pills. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that unmarried women should be better informed about emergency contraceptive pills, and reassured about their safety. Efforts are needed to disseminate up-to-date information to experts in sex education including nurses.
Contraception ; Contraceptive Agents ; Emergencies ; Female ; Humans ; Illegitimacy ; Pregnancy ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sex Education ; Single Person

The extraction of third molars is a common task carried out at dental/surgery clinics. Postoperative pain is one of the two most common complications of this surgery, along with dry socket. Knowledge of the frequent risk factors of this complication is useful in determining high-risk patients, planning treatment, and preparing the patients mentally. Since the risk factors for postoperative pain have never been summarized before while the risk factors for dry socket have been highly debated, this report summarizes the literature regarding the common predictors of postextraction pain. Except for surgical difficulty and the surgeon's experience, the influences of other risk factors (age, gender and oral contraceptive use) were rather inconclusive. The case of a female gender or oral contraceptive effect might mainly be associated with estrogen levels (when it comes to dry socket), which can differ considerably from case to case. Improvement in and unification of statistical and diagnostic methods seem necessary. In addition, each risk factor was actually a combination of various independent variables, which should instead be targeted in more comprehensive studies.
Contraceptive Agents ; Dry Socket ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Molar, Third* ; Pain, Postoperative* ; Risk Factors*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences of subjective, objective knowledge and educational need about contraceptives according to sex in college students. METHODS: Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire from 84 male and 111 female college students on May, 2008. PASW 18.0 program was used for data analysis. RESULTS: There were significant differences in age, major, grade, place of residence, and experience of sexual intercourse between male and female college students. There was a significant difference in objective knowledge about contraceptives between the two groups, but no significant difference in subjective knowledge. The positive correlation was shown between subjective and objective knowledge about contraceptives. Even when demographic variables such as age, major, grade, place of residence, and experience of sexual intercourse were controlled, sex was a significant influencing factor on subjective and objective knowledge about contraceptives. Educational need about emergency contraceptive pills was significantly different and ranking of educational need about contraceptives was also different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that different education programs according to sex are needed to maximize the effect of contraceptive education and sexual characteristics are considered to give an education to college students.
Coitus ; Contraceptive Agents ; Emergencies ; Female ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Male ; Mitochondrial Diseases ; Ophthalmoplegia ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Family planning is a very complex matter and has many ramifications so that one may expect a variety of problems besetting operation of family planning programs. One of the problems advocated so far is the drop-out rate or delinquent appointment rate of family planning clinics which is known to be as high as to deserve special attention. It is an urgent issue to be studied so that the family planning clinics could take measures to insure the continued optimal utilization of the services offered. Hence, the Nanakuli Family Planning Clinic was chosen as a sample to study and find out any differences and similarities between the "Delinquents" and "Non-delinquents" of the clinic, hoping that any meaningful facts brought out by this study could get the clinic to have the optimal utilization of the services by it's clients. Specific conclusions resulting from this study are the optimal utilization of family planning service by clients could not be expected without providing provisions for the biological, situational, and environmental problems of the clients as well as the administrative and managerial problems besetting the clinic operation itself.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Contraceptive Agents/supply & distribution ; Contraceptive Devices/supply & distribution ; Contraceptives, Oral/supply & distribution ; Family Planning/manpower ; Family Planning/utilization* ; Female ; Hawaii ; Human ; Middle Age ; Pregnancy