No abstract available.
Osmolar Concentration*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of dry eye on the corneal thickness measured by Orbscan and ultrasonic pachymetry. METHODS: The central corneal thickness was measured by both ultrasonic and Orbscan pachymetry in 30 eyes with dry eye (dry eye group) and in 30 eyes of normal subjects (control group). Dry eye was diagnosed when a Schirmer test result was less than 10 mm (after topical anesthesia) and the test for tear osmolarity was also performed. RESULTS: Tear osmolarity was 364.4+/-42.9 mOsm/L in dry eye group and 337.8+/-34.5 mOsm/L in control group. It was significantly higher in dry eye group than in the control group (p=0.011). Mean central corneal thickness measured by Orbscan pachymetry was 547.5+/-27.3 microgram in dry eye group and 562.0+/-20.4 microgram in the control group. It was significantly thinner in dry eye group than in the control group (p=0.023). Mean central corneal thickness measured by ultrasonic pachymetry was 535.7+/-27.2 microgram in dry eye group and 547.6+/-20.1 microgram in the control group with out significant difference between the two groups (p=0.059). CONCLUSIONS: The corneal thickness measured by ultrasonic pachymetry is less affected by dry eye compared to that measured by Orbscan pachymetry.
Osmolar Concentration ; Ultrasonics*

No abstract available.
Catheters ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

No abstract available.
Catheters ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

No abstract available.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

The authors studied on alterations of hematology and coagulation of 2 patient groups, supernatal and deep burn, along 20 first days of intensive treatment. The results showed that decreased platelet aggregation, prolonged bleeding time, reduced prothrombine rate and reduced fibrinogen level in deep burn group, compared to supernatal burn group. These differences were seen mainly at time of T1 and occasional at time T2 and T3.
burns ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Forensic pathologists must determine not only the cause and manner of death, but also the identity of the deceased. Some surgical procedures or implants may have a great value for identification. A case of quickly solved postmortem identification through medical information of an ambulatory pH monitoring capsule (Bravo(TM) Capsule) in the esophagus is reported.
Esophagus* ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Background and Objectives: While Theobroma cacao L has long been utilized in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, it was also found to possess antibacterial activity. The beans comprise 10% of the fruit, while the remaining 90%, consisting of pods, is considered waste. It was reported that the pods possess antibacterial activity, and if utilized for this purpose, T. cacao pods will no longer be considered as waste. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the cream formulated from the aqueous extract of T. cacao L pods. Methods: The milled T. cacao pods were extracted using distilled water at 4°C for 24 hours. The crude extract was subjected to liquid-liquid partitioning using hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. Phytochemical screening was performed to identify the constituents present in the extract and its fractions. The extract and its fractions were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Determination of IC50 using 3,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) Reduction Assay was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity. The extract with the highest yield and the highest antibacterial activity were formulated into a cream. T. cacao cream was evaluated with quality control tests for creams and emulsions. Acute skin irritation test was performed on the T. cacao cream to assess skin irritability upon application on adult male albino rabbits. Results: T. cacao crude extract and its fractions possessed antibacterial activity. Among the fractions tested, n-butanol fraction had the highest activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa. There was a significant difference between the fractions tested on the three bacterial strains (p<0.05). Although n-butanol fraction had the highest activity, the actual yield obtained after extraction was 0.95%. Since T. cacao aqueous extract also exhibited good antibacterial activity, it was chosen for the formulation study. There was no significant difference between the IC50 of the T. cacao crude extract and the IC50 of T. cacao cream, hence formulating it into a cream did not affect the antibacterial activity of the extract. Conclusion T. cacao pod extract, as well as its fractions, possessed antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains. The T. cacao cream produced was a water-in-oil, non-irritant cream with antibacterial activity, and with acceptable physical attributes.
Inhibitory Concentration 50

No abstract available.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration* ; Osmolar Concentration* ; Sperm Motility* ; Spermatozoa*

During a period from February 1st to November 30th in 1983, measurements were made twice a month on dustfalls and concentrations of various cations and anions in their filtrates in an urban (Heuksuk-dong, Seoul) and in a rural (Ansung) districts. Standard British Deposit Gauge method was applied for collection of dustfalls and ion chromatographic method using Ion Chromatograph 10 (Dionex, U.S.A.) for determination of cation and anion concentrations. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Annual mean values of dustfalls were 8.30+/-5.09 tons/km2/month in an urban and 6.20+/-0.82 tons/km2/month in a rural districts. And annual mean values of pH of filtrates of the collected samples were 5.3+/-0.76 in an urban and 6.0+/-0.82 in a rural districts. 2. Annual mean concentrations of common cations and anions in their filtrates were as follows: Some of anions such as Br-, PO4-3 and NO2 were scarcely detected and F was measured at very low concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 ppm in Feb., Oct. and Nov. in an urban and in Feb. in a rural districts. 3. By two-way analysis of variance with 4 replications for dustfalls, pH and concentrations of various ion by district and month of a year, statistically significant differences were noted in dustfalls (p<0.01), pH (p<0.01) and concentrations of various ion (p<0.01) by month of a year, and in dustfalls (p<0.05) and concentrations of various ion such as NH4, Ca, NO3 and SO4 (p<0.01) by district. 4. There were statistically significant differences pH in Spring (Feb., Mar. and Apr.) (p<0.01) and in SO4 in Autumn (Aug., Sept., Oct. and Nov.) (p<0.05) between the two districts.
Anions ; Cations ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration