Counting the average number and standard error or standard deviation by popular method of 3 groups also leads to correct results as using Microsoft Excel software. When using Summary Statistics in Descriptive Statistics, we have average value, standard error, standard deviation and other results, in which there was a sample variance. If 2 variances of 2 samples were the similar, t test has been used. Thus, using Microsoft Excel software, we’ll have specific p value. From that, we could infer the greater or smaller results
Statistics Computer

This article outlines the methods of building a safe environment for the hospital information system, and protecting data in three levels. Firstly it is recommended to build a highly efficient and redundant hot spare system for program applications and the database, secondly to make a copy of log file from the current database to the emergent server used for the whole hospital is suggested,finally another emergent server should be provided for the outpatient department. And thus, once there are some problems with the whole network, it would undertake the urgent services of the hospital as an outpatient network.
Computer Communication Networks ; Computer Security ; Computer Systems ; Hospital Information Systems

In this tutorial, we introduce a differential equation simulation model for use in pharmacometrics involving NONMEM, Berkeley Madonna, and R. We report components of the simulation code and similarities/differences between software, rather than how to use each software. Depending on the purpose of the simulation, an appropriate tool can be selected for effective communication.
Computer Simulation ; Software

OBJECTIVE: To study some thermal problems in invasive microwave coagulation (IMC) therapy. METHODS: Temperature fields predicts, limitation and remedy methods of the Pennes bioheat transfer equation during the temperature distribution analyses and how to kill a large anomalistic tumor for only once were discussed. RESULTS: The coagulation area between the simulations and actual measured results showed good correspondence. Blood flow influenced the rise in temperature significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Thermal distribution with computer simulation in invasive microwave coagulation therapy is an accurate and reliable method.
Computer Simulation ; Microwaves*

Even though a conventional metal ceramic restoration is widely in use, its laboratory procedure is still technique-sensitive, complex, and time-consuming. A ceramic-pressed-to-metal restoration (PTM) can be a reliable alternative. However, simplified laboratory procedure for a PTM is still necessary. The article is to propose a technique that reduces time and effort to fabricate a PTM with the aid of computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacturing and selective laser sintering technologies.
Ceramics ; Computer-Aided Design*

No abstract available.
Computer Simulation* ; Orthognathic Surgery*

No abstract available.
Computer Simulation* ; Orthognathic Surgery*

PURPOSE: In this study we propose a block-iterative method for reconstructing Compton scattered data. This study shows that the well-known expectation maximization (EM) approach along with its accelerated version based on the ordered subsets principle can be applied to the problem of image reconstruction for Compton camera. This study also compares several methods of constructing subsets for optimal performance of our algorithms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three reconstruction algorithms were implemented; simple backprojection (SBP), EM, and ordered subset EM (OSEM). For OSEM, the projection data were grouped into subsets in a predefined order. Three different schemes for choosing nonoverlapping subsets were considered; scatter angle-based subsets, detector position-based subsets, and both scatter angle- and detector position-based subsets. EM and OSEM with 16 subsets were performed with 64 and 4 iterations, respectively. The performance of each algorithm was evaluated in terms of computation time and normalized mean-squared error. RESULTS: Both EM and OSEM clearly outperformed SBP in all aspects of accuracy. The OSEM with 16 subsets and 4 iterations, which is equivalent to the standard EM with 64 iterations, was approximately 14 times faster in computation time than the standard EM. In OSEM, all of the three schemes for choosing subsets yielded similar results in computation time as well as normalized mean-squared error. CONCLUSION: Our results show that the OSEM algorithm, which have proven useful in emission tomography, can also be applied to the problem of image reconstruction for Compton camera. With properly chosen subset construction methods and moderate numbers of subsets, our OSEM algorithm significantly improves the computational efficiency while keeping the original quality of the standard EM reconstruction. The OSEM algorithm with scatter angle- and detector position-based subsets is most available.
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to develop an intraoperative navigation system as the first step toward image-guided surgery and robotic surgery, and to evaluate its accuracy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The navigation system was composed of an optical tracking system (Polaris, Northern Digital) and a personal computer. The registration error and target localization error of fiducial registration and surface registration were measured using a phantom. Each of the errors was measured 30 times, and the average values and the standard deviations were calculated. RESULTS: The registration error was 0.84 +/- 0.28 mm at fiducial registration and 0.81 +/- 0.21 mm at surface registration. The target localization error was 1.54 +/- 0.34 mm at fiducial registration and 1.46 +/- 0.32 mm at surface registration. CONCLUSION: We have developed an intraoperative navigation system using an optical tracker, and could assure ourselves that its accuracy is adequate for many orthopaedic surgeries. However, it still requires improvement in the accuracy and development of specific software and instruments for various operations.
Microcomputers ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted

The author herein reviews recent series of projects aimed at developing computer- and robot-assisted otological surgery. The author's team and its collaborating institutions have developed devices for image-guided surgery and robots for otological procedures. The accumulation of user-oriented research resulted in developing a unique robotic system of human-robot collaborative control, which is the system that restricts the surgeon's hand only if surrounding structures are in danger of injury. Thus, as many other fields in the surgery, otological procedures can also be assisted by computers and robots that provide objective and patient-specific anatomical information during surgery.
Hand ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted