Discipline of wound healing, has been emerged with the demand of patients suffering from various wounds. A unique way different from traditional medical system, in accordance with the incidence of wound diseases, medical demand, and current medical system of China, should be operated for the specialty, so as to benefit medical service for patients, rational allocation of medical resources. An overall layout with characteristic of "small ward, big clinic" is likely to meet the discipline demand associated with wound diseases, which present the linkage mechanism between wound healing department and community health system. By means of jointing wound healing clinic in community, two-way referral pathway for patients, training for general practitioner in community, guarantee and incentive system, an new operation pattern of wound healing discipline would be formed, described as linkage mechanism of wound healing department and community health system.
China ; Community Health Planning ; organization & administration ; Humans ; Wound Healing

Chronic Disease ; Communicable Diseases ; Community Health Planning ; Humans

This study analyzed the current situation and problems of two-way referral between wound healing department of general hospitals and community health service centers through stipulated interview with physicians in general hospitals and community health service centers, and patients visiting these organizations from March 2011 to April. It was found that the current two-way referral process for wound repair were facing a series of problems, including hospitals-transfer difficulty, incomplete two-way referral policy and undefined practice protocol, information-sharing obstacle between general hospitals and community health service centers. The critical countermeasures for overcoming these obstacles in two-way referral of wound ailments shall include construction of further linkage mechanism among all levels of hospitals, establishment of the drug-obtaining mechanism, establishment of an explicit two-way referral process of wound repair, and establishment of a database of diagnosis and treatment information of patients that can be accessed by doctors of different levels of hospitals, etc.
Community Health Planning ; Community-Institutional Relations ; Hospitals, Special ; Humans ; Referral and Consultation ; Wound Healing

In Papua New Guinea there are many organizations providing sparsely spread and fragmented health services. Government health facilities are often relatively well functioning in urban and periurban areas, but sporadic or nonexistent in rural areas. In some remote areas churches are the major health service providers. Increasingly other community groups are providing village-based health services. Much financial support is now pledged by major international donors for community-based health services, but few people working at a district or community level have the management skills to access the funds or plan programs effectively, and few of the major donors have any significant presence in rural areas. Such a management skill gap also exists at the level of many provincial health offices and this seriously limits the effectiveness of all major donor projects. There is need for integration of health services to avoid replication and to extend services to areas where no effective services are currently provided. There is also a great need to train people at a community and district level in program planning and management. Non-government organizations (NGOs) working at a district or community level have the potential to bridge this skill gap and to help integrate community-based services with government institutions. This paper reports, as an example, the activities of Save the Children, an international NGO in Papua New Guinea. Essential for the success of community-based health projects is the development of local management skills, reliable funding, integration with established health institutions, objective evaluation and community support. Skilled NGOs working at a community, district or provincial level can have important roles in assisting local people to run effective and sustainable health programs.
Child ; Child Health Services - organization & ; administration ; Child Welfare ; Community Health Planning ; Community Health Workers ; Papua New Guinea

As a result of cumulative experience in the fields of health education and health promotion, theories related to health behavior have made remarkable progress over the last two decades. In addition to examining the impact of psychological and behavioral factors on health, the field now recognizes the importance of how social, economic, cultural, and political factors influence health behaviors. Health promotion activities now combine educational and ecological supports for promoting actions and conditions conductive to good health. Theoretical approaches to health promotion facilitate the planning and evaluation of health programs. Effective program requires a systematic, comprehensive, ecological approach and population-based planning as well as an evaluation of program objectives. This paper discuss how theories can contribute to health promotion practices in primary health care settings and suggests ways in which physicians can improve the health of their patients. Physicians today must broaden their role and cannot simply deliver health information which has become accessible through the media and internet. Health promotion theories benefit patient education, physician training, and organization for health promotion. Many physicians are not familiar with theories of health behavior based on strategies and methods developed from social science as well as health science. But thes can easily be rectified through a greater awareness of the contribution theories can makd to the field, and through additional educational supports which can allow physicians to make use of theories in their health pormotion practices.
Community Health Planning ; Health Behavior ; Health Education ; Health Promotion* ; Humans ; Internet ; Patient Education as Topic ; Politics ; Primary Health Care* ; Social Sciences

In order to develop some indicies for the evaluation of village health worker's activities and to find out personal characteristics and other factors that affect the activities, an interview survey was conducted to thirty seven village health workers (VHW) in Sunwon, Naega and Bulun townships in Kangwha county, where the Community Health Project of Yonsei University, College of Medicine, has been implemented for the past ten years. In addition, daily activity records of the VHW's were also analyzed. The results are summarized below: First, meeting attendance rates, number of regular family visits, number of antenatal care visits and number of family planning visits were identified as the most meaningful criterion for the evaluation of the village health worker's activities. Second, personal factors that significantly affect the village health worker's activities were identified as age, educational background, living with in-laws, religion, presence of preschool child in the family, holding leader's position of village woman's association concurrently, and duration serving as a VHW. The more aged and the more educated VHWs were the more effective. Those VHWs who were living with in-laws, without preschool child in the family, holding the leader's position of the village woman's association, and the longer service duration were the more effective. Other factors that affect the VHW's activities were the number of households in the target village and the number of natural villages in the target villages. It showed that the smaller the size of number of households and natural villages, the higher the degrees of the effectiveness of the VHW.
Child, Preschool ; Community Health Workers ; Family Characteristics ; Family Planning Services ; Humans

The importance of public healthcare system has been widely recognized since the current Middle East respiratory syndrome epidemic began. However, their capacities are not sufficient in both quantitative and qualitative perspective aspects. When a large-scale outbreak develops, public hospitals and community health centers should be primarily responsible for treatment of patients and isolation of individuals who are likely to infect other people, with the supplemented of private hospitals. Clearly, the central and municipal governments, and public healthcare system has failed to deal with the current Middle East respiratory syndrome epidemic, largely due to lack of expertise and professional staff. The governments at various levels and public hospitals should thoroughly and publicly review the work process and problems revealed in dealing with the current epidemic. Based on such evaluation, they should establish action plans for infectious disease control, and regular training and exercise should be done according to them. In addition, more public hospitals should be established under the regional health planning. It is important for public heathcare facilities to hire physicians on a stable and long-term employment contract, and to train them so that they could play a role in case of epidemic.
Communicable Diseases* ; Community Health Centers ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Employment ; Hospitals, Private ; Hospitals, Public ; Humans ; Middle East ; Regional Health Planning

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to describe general characteristics and needs of home health care, and to find the differences between home health care needers and non-needers. METHOD: In this study, 642 subjects participated who lived in Muan, Jollanam-do. Data were collected in August 2001 using a self-reported questionnaire. The questionnaire was a revised and simplified form of the Organization of Community Health System Program at the Seoul National University. Collected data were analyzed through Kruskal-Wallis test. t-test. and Chi-squire for cross-sectional analysis. RESULT: The average age of the subjects was 52.6 years and 33.3% of them aged over 65 years. Twenty six percent of them had chronic degenerative diseases. The percentages of hypertension patients and D.M. patients were 6.4% and 2.5%, respectively. The number of family members was 2.95 on the average, 2.19 in cases of families with the elderly and 3.33 in cases of families without the elderly. The rate of disability of the elderly was 10.5%. Marital status (p=.000), the number of family members (p=.000), education (p=.000), job (p=.000) and health insurance (p=.027) were significantly different between home care needers and non-needers. Home care needers had less living expenses (p=.001), more frequent hospital admissions (p=.004), higher chronic disease rate (p=.000) and more frequent visits to public health center (p=.027) than non-needers. Home care needers who wanted free service were twice as many as non-needers. CONCLUSION: Home care need was very high in rural areas and the needers had worse characteristics (low educational level. low income, no job and no family). Therefore, it is necessary to develop cheaper and more accessible services for home care needers in rural areas.
Aged ; Chronic Disease ; Community Health Planning ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Education ; Home Care Services ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Insurance, Health ; Marital Status ; Public Health ; Seoul ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The World Health Organization (WHO) have been in collaborative efforts with the Republic of Korea in keeping of and for better health for all for the past decades. From the control of parasites to building of community health system in rural places, the works has now resulted in healthier Korea than ever, and has transformed the role of engaging as the world leader in contribution of health and development. Seventy years of independence, war, and poverty, transforming from a recipient country of official development assistance to a significant donor to the global society, we have emphasized the importance of international cooperation and the role of WHO in the past years in Korea and neighboring countries. Looking back of the past is meaningful to diagnose the present problems, and to foresee the future of our world.
Community Health Planning ; Global Health* ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Korea ; Parasites ; Poverty ; Public Health ; Publications* ; Republic of Korea* ; Tissue Donors ; World Health Organization*

The community health practitioners (CHP) play an important role in primary health care services to the underserved population in rural area. Time and motion study of 26 CHPs in Kyungpook Province was conducted through work diary method for 6 consecutive days from the time they arrived until they left the primary health post (PHP) during the past 3 weeks from November 16 to December 5, 1987. The allocation of activity time by working category, service category, location of activity and CHP's function was analyzed according to the characteristics of CHPs i. e., age, marital status and experience as CHP. The major findings are as follows: The mean activity time per CHP in a week was 2,918 minutes. The length of their working hours as longer for older, married and more experienced CHPs than other. About 80% of the CHP's activities took place within the PHP and only about 20% occurred outside of the PHP. Working hours for the outdoor activities were longer for younger, single and less experienced CHPs than others. The allocation of activity time by working category showed 46.3% in the technical work and 18.7% in the administrative work. Working hours for the technical activities were longer for younger, single and less experienced CHPs than others. The percentage of activity time revealed greatest as much as 63.1% for direct patient care in technical word and 61.6% for record keeping in administrative work. Of the total working hours in a week, direct patient care and public health activities accounted for 29.2.% and 16.2%, respectively. Of the indoor activities, working hours for direct patient care were longer than those for public health activities. However, of the outdoor activities, working hours for public health activities were longer than those for direct patient care. The allocation of activity time by CHP's function showed 49.7% in management of common disease, 31.8% in management of PHP and technical supervision of village health workers, 9.5% in MCH and family planning, 6.6% in community health management and 2.4% in community approach. Based on these findings, it was found that CHPs were mainly working in the PHP with a majority of their time being spent of direct patient care rather than preventive and promotive health cares. To enhance the preventive and promotive health services of the CHPs and to involve the activities for community development, refresher course for CHPs should be reinforced and supervision mechanism of the CHPs should be established and operated in Gun- and province- level.
Community Health Workers ; Family Planning Services ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Health Services ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Methods ; Organization and Administration ; Patient Care ; Primary Health Care ; Public Health ; Social Change ; Vulnerable Populations