Background: : Disruption of neurocognitive functioning is one of the most frequent complications in patients infected with Human immunodeficiency virus. It manifests as a form of subcortical dementia characterized by psychomotor slowing, changes in mood and anxiety levels and deficits in memory, abstraction, information processing, verbal fluency, decision-making, and attention. The primary objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of neurocognitive impairment among HIV-positive individuals in the Philippines. Methods: : This is a cross-sectional study done at the outpatient department of a tertiary infectious disease hospital located in Manila, Philippines conducted from May to July 2015. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment – Filipino (MoCA-P) was used to differentiate non-cognitively impaired and cognitively impaired participants. Demographic data was obtained using structured interviews including the CD4 count. Results: : One hundred and twelve HIV positive patients were examined and 56.7% of them were noted to have cognitive impairment while none of them met the criteria for dementia. After logistics regression analysis, only the CD4 count (x=224) was shown to have significant association with cognitive impairment (p=0.0001, OR 0.96). Conclusion: Cognitive impairment was significantly associated with low CD4 count, with a sensitivity of 100% for a count of <224. More than half or 58.7% of subjects with cognitive impairment did not show any neuropsychiatric symptoms. Neurocognitive impairment is still an important component of HIV infection and this study highlights the need to further increase awareness regarding this HIV complication.
Cognitive Dysfunction ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; Dementia

Cognition ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; Humans ; Presbycusis

The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses correspond to a group of disorders characterized by neurodegeneration and intracellular buildup of auto-flourescent lipopigment (ceroid lipofuscin). They are classified by age of onset into infantile, late infantile, juvenile and adult forms. Among these, the late infantile type is caused by mutations in tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1) gene and is characterized by age of onset between 2-4 years, seizures, early progressive cognitive impairment and visual loss. Our patient is a 4-year-old girl who presented at 2 years and 10 months old with seizures followed by ataxia, regression of skills and eventual visual decline. TPP1 enzyme activity was below normal for age. This report aims to increase the awareness of physicians on the cluster of symptoms characteristic of this disorder which will help facilitate early diagnosis and prompt institution of appropriate management.
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses ; Cognitive Dysfunction

Background: The number of individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or those people without dementia who are experiencing age-related cognitive decline, has increased in recent years. Conveniently, several interventions to delay cognitive decline exist, where cognitively stimulating activities (CSA) have been receiving too much attention. However, its beneficial effects have not been well established among older people with MCI due to conflicting findings. Objectives: This study aimed to assess and summarize the available evidence on the effects of CSA on the overall cognitive functioning of older people with MCI. Specifically, it sought to answer the PICO question, “In older people with MCI, does engagement in cognitively stimulating activities improve cognitive function?” Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials examining the effects of CSA on older people with MCI were conducted. Three studies met the inclusion criteria from the 1,328 records from BioMed Central, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE, and PubMed databases and 156 articles from WorldCat, DSpace Saint Louis University, and Google Scholar databases and catalogs. Effect size values were inspected using the random-effects model. Data were summarized as standardized mean difference (SMD) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals in the forest plot. Results: This meta-analysis which compared studies that employed similar methodologies, found that CSA has a significant, large effect in improving cognitive functioning among older people with MCI, evidenced by an SMD of 0.798 (95% CI = 0.510-1.085, p = 0.001). While its superiority over other interventions that improve cognitive function was not observed in this study, it was still found that using CSA was helpful in terms of its cost-effectiveness. Also, heterogeneity across studies was non-significant (Cochran’s Q = 0.151, df = 2, p = 0.927, I2 = 0.00%). These results mean that clinical heterogeneity was absent even though a diverse range of CSA was employed. Additionally, methodological diversity was not present since there were no variations in the study design and minimal variability in the risk of bias assessment. Conclusion Overall, it is acknowledged that CSA are effective and practical, inexpensive, non-pharmacologic cognitive training approaches to delay cognitive decline among older people with MCI. However, interpreting this study’s significant, large effect, and non-significant heterogeneity warrants caution.
Cognition ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients are predisposed to cognitive decline and dementia. The cooccurrence of the two diseases translate to a higher medical cost. Identification of factors contributing to cognitive impairment is warranted.

To determine the predictors of cognitive impairment among Filipino patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

This is a cross-sectional analytical study involving Filipino patients diagnosed with T2DM in the outpatient clinic. A total of 171 patients were included and were screened using AD8-P tool.

A total of 171 adult patients were included and screened for cognitive impairment.19.3% were cognitively impaired, with mean age of 59.6 years old (vs. 55.5 years old, p < 0.029), and two-thirds were female. The mean duration of the patient’s diabetes was 11.2 years. After adjusting for confounders and multi-collinearity, the duration of diabetes was significantly associated with cognitive impairment with odds of developing cognitive impairment increasing as the duration reach 10 years above. Those with T2DM for at least ten years were 2.5 times more likely to develop cognitive impairment, holding the age constant. (OR = 2.5, 95% CI – 1.0 to 5.8, p < 0.043).

19.3% of Filipino patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a tertiary government hospital are cognitively impaired and this can occur even in less than 65 years old. The ten years or longer duration of T2DM increases the risk of developing cognitive impairment by 2.5%.

This study uses mind-control game training to intervene in patients with mild cognitive impairment to improve their cognitive function. In this study, electroencephalogram (EEG) data of 40 participants were collected before and after two training sessions. The continuous complexity of EEG signals was analyzed to assess the status of cognitive function and explore the effect of mind-control game training on the improvement of cognitive function. The results showed that after two training sessions, the continuous complexity of EEG signal of the subject increased (0.012 44 ± 0.000 29, < 0.05) and amplitude of curve fluctuation decreased gradually, indicating that with increase of training times, the continuous complexity increased significantly, the cognitive function of brain improved significantly and state was stable. The results of this paper may show that mind-control game training can improve the status of the brain cognitive function, which may provide support and help for the future intervention of cognitive dysfunction.
Brain ; Cognition ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; therapy ; Electroencephalography ; Humans

Subjective cognitive decline(SCD),a clinical condition in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease,manifests as a continuous decrease in the individual's self-conscious cognitive function but with normal objective cognitive indicators. Research on SCD helps to identify individuals at high risk of senile dementia and explore the effective prevention and intervention strategies. This article reviews the recent research advances in SCD,with an attempt to provide evidence for early intervention in patients with SCD.
Alzheimer Disease ; Cognition ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; Humans

Objective: This study aims to identify factors associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among elderly Filipinos with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology: This is an analytic cross-sectional study involving 133 elderly (≥60 years old) with Type 2 diabetes mellitus consecutively sampled from the General Medicine and Diabetes Clinics of the Philippine General Hospital. Eligible subjects were interviewed to gather demographic and clinical data. Body mass index, waist-hip ratio and mean blood pressure were computed. HBA1c, lipid profile, creatinine and urine proteinuria were tested or recorded if done recently. Dilated fundus examination via indirect ophthalmoscopy and 10-gram monofilament test were performed to detect retinopathy and neuropathy. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Philippines tool was administered to detect patients with probable MCI using a cutoff score of ≤21. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the associated factors. Results: Using MoCA-P tool, MCI has a rate of 45% among elderly Filipino diabetics. Having more than 12 years of education is significantly associated with lower odds of MCI. (OR 0.38 CI 0.18, 0.80, p value 0.010). Conclusion The rate of MCI among Filipino elderly diabetics is high. Higher education is associated with lower odds of having MCI. Case-control or prospective cohort studies involving larger sample and non-diabetic population are recommended.
Cognitive Dysfunction ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Aging is a major risk factor for many human diseases, including cognitive impairment, which affects a large population of the elderly. In the past few decades, our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the changes associated with aging and age-related diseases has expanded greatly, shedding light on the potential role of these changes in cognitive impairment. In this article, we review recent advances in understanding of the mechanisms underlying brain aging under normal and pathological conditions, compare their similarities and differences, discuss the causative and adaptive mechanisms of brain aging, and finally attempt to find some rules to guide us on how to promote healthy aging and prevent age-related diseases.
Humans ; Aged ; Aging/pathology* ; Brain ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; Risk Factors

Adipocytokines are polypeptides or proteins that are secreted by fat cells with a wide range of biological activities. Adiponectin is a fatty cytokine with insulin sensitization. It possesses the function of anti- diabetes, atherosclerosis and anti-inflammation. Adiponectin may participate in regulating the development of cognitive impairment, which is considered as a new regulatory factor for cognitive impairment.
Adiponectin ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Humans ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance