Objective To investigate the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis infections among children in China from 2016 to 2021, so as to provide insights into enterobiasis control and formulation of the enterobiasis control strategy among children. Methods Publications pertaining to the prevalence of E. vermicularis infections among children were retrieved from Wanfang Data, CNKI, VIP and PubMed databases published from January 2016 to June 2023. Eligible publications were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the publication bias was evaluated using the assessment tool for prevalence studies proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence-Based Practice Resources in Australia. The study period, study areas, study subjects, sample size and number of infections were extracted from publications, and a pooled analysis was performed using a meta-analysis. A meta-regression analysis was performed with the prevalence of E. vermicularis infections as an independent variable, and sample size, source of samples, study area, study method, geographical area and province as dependent variables to identify the source of the study heterogeneity. Results A total of 66 studies were included, covering 23 provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) in China, and with the investigations conducted between 2016 and 2021. Meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 4.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): (3.1%, 6.0%)] among children in China from 2016 to 2021, and the annual prevalence was 4.1% [95% CI: (2.2%, 6.5%)], 4.2% [95% CI: (2.4%, 6.6%)], 4.2% [95% CI: (2.2%, 6.8%)], 3.2% [95% CI: (1.5%, 5.4%)], 2.3% [95% CI: (0.9%, 4.3%)] and 1.1% [95% CI: (0.4%, 2.1%)] from 2016 to 2021. The pooled prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 4.9% [95% CI: (3.4%, 6.8%)] in studies with a sample size of < 5 000 cases, which was higher than that in studies with a sample size of 5 000 cases and higher [2.1%, 95% CI: (0.2%, 3.6%)], and the pooled prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 5.2% [95% CI: (2.9%, 8.2%)] among subjects from schools, which was higher than that among subjects from communities [4.2%, 95% CI: (2.7%, 6.0%)]. The pooled prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 4.4% [95% CI: (2.8%, 6.2%)] among children included in comprehensive surveillance, which was higher than that among children included in specific surveillance [4.8%, 95% CI: (2.6%, 7.7%)], and the pooled prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 5.7% [95% CI: (3.8%, 7.8%)] among children included in county-level surveys, which was higher than that among children included in city-[4.8%, 95% CI: (2.3%, 8.0%)] and province-level surveys [1.8%, 95% CI: (0.3%, 4.7%)]. In addition, the pooled prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was higher among children in southern China [11.3%, 95% CI: (7.5%, 15.7%)] than that in central China [5.2%, 95% CI: (2.8%, 8.2%)], eastern China [5.2%, 95% CI: (2.8%, 8.2%)] and southwestern China [2.6%, 95% CI: (1.4%, 4.1%)]. Meta-regression analysis identified geographical area and survey province as factors affecting the study heterogeneity. Conclusions Currently, the overall prevalence of E. vermicularis infections is moderate among children in China, and the prevalence varies greatly in regions, with a high prevalence rate in southern China and presence of small-scale clusters. Enterobiasis surveillance and health education pertaining to enterobiasis control are required with adaptations to local circumstance to reduce the prevalence of E. vermicularis infections among children.

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for the safe use of bevacizumab in cancer patients. METHODS The diagnosis and treatment of a 65-year-old female lung adenocarcinoma patient with diabetic ketoacidosis （DKA） induced by bevacizumab was retrospectively analyzed， and the possible mechanisms and causes were analyzed based on literature review. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis and treatment process of patients were analyzed， and DKA caused by other drugs and disease factors were excluded. DKA was considered to be caused by the use of bevacizumab according to Naranjo’s ADR evaluation scale； the acidosis of the patient improved rapidly after one hemodialysis treatment. DKA caused by bevacizumab is rare in clinic， clinicians should be aware that bevacizumab may affect pancreatic function and induce DKA， and early detection and treatment should be achieved to improve the prognosis.

This paper summarized professor WANG Shouchuan's experience in differentiating and treating children epistaxis from the perspective of "four excess and three deficiency". It is believed that the pathogenesis of children epistaxis is concluded as "four excess and three deficiency"， of which the four excess syndromes are exuberant heat in the lung channel， intense stomach fire， heart fire hyperactivity， and liver fire flaming upward， while the three deficiency syndromes include qi， yin and yang deficiency. Seven methods for treating children epistaxis are summarized. For exuberant heat in the lung channel syndrome， it is recommended to clear lung and direct qi downward， using self-made Xiebai Zhiniu Decoction （泻白止衄汤）. For intense stomach fire syndrome， the method of clearing stomach and draining fire can be used with self-made Qingwei Zhiniu Decoction （清胃止衄汤）. In terms of heart fire hyperactivity syndrome， it is better to clear heart and drain fire， using self-made Daochi Zhiniu Decoction （导赤止衄汤）. For liver fire flaming upward syndrome， it is advised to clear liver and drain fire， using self-made Yimu Zhiniu Decoction （抑木止衄汤）. In terms of qi deficiency syndrome， the method of fortifying spleen and boosting qi and containing blood should be used with self-made Futu Zhiniu Decoction （扶土止衄汤）. If there is yin deficiency syndrome， it is advised to supplement kidney， enrich yin and clear heat， using self-made Zishui Zhiniu Decoction （滋水止衄汤）. If there is yang deficiency syndrome， the method of boosting qi， warming yang and nourishing blood can be used， using self-made Wenpi Zhiniu Decoction （温脾止衄汤）.

Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones against of Oncomelania hupensis snails in snail habitats in marshland areas. Methods From September to October, 2022, marshlands were sampled from Dantu District, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province as study areas, and assigned into four groups, of approximately 3 000 m² per group. In Group A, environmental cleaning was performed, followed by spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with knapsack sprayers at a dose of 40 g/m², and in Group B, 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules were sprayed with knapsack sprayers at a dose of 40 g/m² without environmental cleaning, while in Group C, environmental cleaning was conducted, followed by spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones at a dose of 40 g/m², and in Group D, 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules were sprayed with drones at a dose of 40 g/m² without environmental cleaning. Then, the study areas in each group were equally divided into six blocks, with Block 1 for baseline surveys and blocks 2 to 6 for snail surveys 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 days following chemical treatment. The mortality of snails and the reduction of the density of living snails were calculated. Results A total of 132 frames were surveyed during the period from September to October 2022, and the occurrence of frames with living snails and means density of living snails were 61.36% (81/132) and 1.58 snails/0.1 m², respectively. The overall mortality rates of snails were 43.02% (77/179), 38.69% (77/199), 47.78% (86/180) and 31.02% (58/187) 14 days following chemical treatment in groups A, B, C and D, respectively (χ² = 11.646, P < 0.05), and there were differences detected in the snail mortality between group A and D, and between groups C and D (both P_adjusted values < 0.05). The adjusted mortality rates of snails were 37.42%, 36.07%, 38.85% and 40.40% in groups A, B, C and D 14 days post-treatment, and the density of living snails decreased by 48.10%, 63.29%, 67.09% and 69.62% 14 days post-treatment relative to pre-treatment, respectively. Conclusions Chemical treatment with drones is feasible for O. hupensis snail control in marshland areas; however, the molluscicidal effect of spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones is comparable to spraying chemicals manually in marshland areas regardless of environmental cleaning.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) assay in detection of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae in freshwater fish samples, so as to provide insights into standardization and field application of this assay. METHODS: Wild freshwater fish samples were collected in the rivers of administrative villages where C. sinensis-infected residents lived in Jiangyan District, Xinghua County and Taixing County of Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province from June to September 2022. Genomic DNA was extracted from six freshwater fish specimens (5 g each) containing 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 C. sinensis metacercariae for fluorescent RAA assay, and the diagnostic sensitivity was evaluated. Fluorescent RAA assay was performed with genomic DNA from C. sinensis, Metorchis orientalis, Haplorchis pumilio and Centrocestus formosanus metacercariae as templates to evaluate its cross-reactions. In addition, the detection of fluorescent RAA assay and direct compression method for C. sinensis metacercariae was compared in field-collected freshwater fish samples. RESULTS: Positive amplification was found in fresh-water fish specimens containing different numbers of C. sinensis metacercariae, and fluorescent RAA assay was effective to detect one C. sinensis metacercaria in 5 g freshwater fish specimens within 20 min. Fluorescent RAA assay tested negative for DNA from M. orientalis, H. pumilio and C. formosanus metacercariae. Fluorescent RAA assay and direct compression method showed 5.36% (93/1 735) and 2.88% (50/1 735) detection rates for C. sinensis metacercariae in 1 735 field-collected freshwater fish samples, with a statistically significant difference seen (χ² = 478.150, P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the detection of C. sinensis metacercariae in different species of freshwater fish by both the direct compression method (χ² = 11.20, P < 0.05) and fluorescent RAA assay (χ² = 20.26, P < 0.001), and the detection of C. sinensis metacercariae was higher in Pseudorasbora parva than in other fish species by both the direct compression method and fluorescent RAA assay (both P values < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Fluorescent RAA assay has a high sensitivity for detection of C. sinensis metacercariae in freshwater fish samples, and has no cross-reactions with M. orientalis, H. pumilio or C. formosanus metacercariae. Fluorescent RAA assay shows a higher accuracy for detection of C. sinensis infections in field-collected freshwater fish than the direct compression method.
Animals ; Clonorchis sinensis/genetics* ; Metacercariae/genetics* ; Recombinases ; Fresh Water ; Fishes ; DNA ; Fish Diseases/diagnosis*

bjective To observe the changes of upper extremity sensory function in patients with radicular cervical spondylosis and evaluate the treatment effect, by using the method of suspension exercise therapy (SET) and soft tissue manipulation. Methods A total of 72 patients with cervical spondylosis were divided into observation group (treated by SET combined with manipulation)and control group (treated by purely cervical traction) by simple random method. Both groups received 4-week continuous treatment for 6 times per week. The somatosensory evoked potential(SEP), current perception threshold (CPT) before and after the treatment in two groups were separatedly tested, and changes in visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores of the affected limbs were examined, so as to determine the effective rate of treatment. Results After treatment, the latency of SEP was shortened mainly in brachial plexus potential N9 and cervical spinal potential N13 in two groups (P<0.05). The CPT levels and the VAS pain scores of the affected limbs were reduced in two groups (P<0.01), and the treatment effect in observation group was better that in control group (P<0.01)．Conclusion SET combined with soft tissue manipulation can effectively promote the repair of nerve sense function of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy.

Objective: To investigate the hepatorenoprotective effects of Origanum vulgare L. against finasteride-induced oxidative injury in the liver and kidney of mice. Methods: Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS) analysis was utilized to yield a fingerprint of Origanum vulgare polyphenolic constituents. Thirty BALB/c mice received 0.5 mL/day distilled water, finasteride (25 mg/kg/day for 10 d), and 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg/day finasteride + Origanum vulgare extract with 6 mice per group for five weeks. On day 36, liver and kidney function as well as pro-and antiinflammatory (IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10) cytokines were measured. The total antioxidant status, nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde levels as well as the activities of NO synthase and catalase were also evaluated. Histopathological study was conducted to assess the effect of Origanum vulgare extract on finasteride-induced renal and hepatic toxicities. Results: Twenty-five major polyphenolic compounds were identified in the Origanum vulgare extract by LC-ESI/MS. Origanum vulgare extract, especially at 200 and 400 mg/kg/day doses, significantly improved liver and kidney biochemical indices, decreased inflammatory cytokines, increased total antioxidant status and NO synthase and catalase activities, as well as decreased plasma NO and malondialdehyde levels in a dose-dependent manner as compared to the finasteride group. Histopathological results further confirmed the protective effect of Origanum vulgare extract. Conclusions: Origanum vulgare extract ameliorates finasteride-induced hepatic and renal biochemical and histopathological alterations, and restores antioxidant/oxidant balance.

Objective To investigate the sensitivity of adult worms of filial generations from praziquantel-resistant and -sensitive Schistosoma japonicum mixed infections to praziquantel. Methods Mice were infected with the cercariae of an experimentally generated praziquantel-resistant S. japonicum isolate [median effective dose (ED₅₀) = 277.4 mg/kg] and a laboratory-maintained praziquantel-sensitive S. japonicum isolate (ED₅₀ = 99.6 mg/kg) at a mixture ratio of 1:1 and 2:1, which was maintained in the laboratory via the mouse-snail cycle for 8 generations. Then, mice were infected with the cercariae of the 8th filial-generation parasite, and grouped 35 days post-infection. Mice in the 5 treatment groups were given praziquantel treatment by gavage at a single oral dose of 37.5, 75, 150, 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg, while animals in the control group was administered orally with 2.5% cremophor EL. All mice were sacrificed 14 days post-treatment and adult worms were collected by perfusion of the portal vein. The worm burden reductions and praziquantel ED₅₀ values were calculated. The praziquantel-resistant S. japonicum isolate generated from experimental induction with 12 rounds of praziquantel treatment with sub-curative doses was maintained in the laboratory via the mouse-snail cycle, and mice were infected with the cercariae of the 8th filial-generation parasite. The praziquantel ED₅₀ value against the 8th filial-generation adults was measured. Results After mice were infected with the mixture of cercariae of PZQ-resistant and -sensitive S. japonicum isolates at a ratio of 1:1, the praziquantel ED₅₀ was 135.2 mg/kg against the adults of the 8th filial-generation parasite. After mice were infected with the mixture of cercariae of PZQ-resistant and -sensitive S. japonicum isolates at a ratio of 2:1, the praziquantel ED₅₀ was 129.2 mg/kg against the adults of the 8th filial-generation parasite. In addition, the praziquantel ED₅₀ was 208.4 mg/kg against the adults of the 8th filial-generation S. japonicum without the selection pressure of praziquantel. Conclusions Compared with the experimentally induced praziquantel-resistant S. japonicum isolate, the adult worms of the filial-generation S. japonicum show a reduced sensitivity to praziquantel in the same host following infection with the mixture of cercariae of praziquantel-resistant and -sensitive S. japonicum isolates. The adult worms of the filial generation of the praziquantel-resistant S. japonicum isolate without the selection pressure of praziquantel may still maintain the resistance to praziquantel.