In-stent restenosis after stenting is a major problem to perplex the minimally invasive interventional treatment and development in atherosclerotic cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.Intravascular inflammatory response is one of the important causes for restenosis after stenting in which as represented by interleukins,the cytokines play complex and variable roles.This article reviews the effects of the expression levels of interleukins on vascular endothelial hyperplasia and the incidence of in-stent restenosis.

In recent years, here are many new understandings in the definition, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of transient ischemic attack (TLA).The latest viewpoint considers that TIA is a transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by brain, spinal cord or focal retinal ischemia, without the evidence of acute infarction. The duration of TIA is no longer the key factor, whether the existence of infarction or not is the key factor in the differentiation of TIA and ischemic stroke. Therefore ,it should emphasize the importance of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of TIA. As a neurological emergency, the risk level of TIA should be stratified and evaluated, and the active interventions should be performed.

Transient ischemic attack is an unstable cerehrovascular sign and a neurological emergency. The development of neuroimaging not only provides an important approach for insight into the understanding of transient ischemic attack, but also becomes one of the hotspots in the research of transient ischemic attack.

Objective To observe the thyroid hormone (TH) changes in patients with acute cerebral infarction in acute phase and convalescence,and to explore its clinical value.Methods Fifty cases of acute cerebral infarction patients from March 2015 to May 2016 in Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital were selected as observation group,at the same time 30 cases of healthy check-up people as control group.Serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3),thyroxine (T4),free triiodothyronine (FT3),free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured in 50 cases of acute cerebral infarction patients on the 2nd day (acute phase) and the 14th day (recovery) after onset of the disease,by using chemiluminescence method,and 30 cases of people underwent healthy physical check-up were treated the same way.Neurological injury and recovery of patients with cerebral infarction were evaluated using NIHSS.According to the recovery level of FT3,patients with cerebral infarction were divided into low FT3 group (FT3 ＜ 3.10 pmol/L) and normal FT3 group (FT3 ≥ 3.10 pmol/L).Prognosis of the patients was judged according to the NIHSS scores 90 days after discharged from the hospital,and NIHSS score improving acuity of 2 was judged as good prognosis.Results The T3 and FT3 levels in patients with acute cerebral infarction were significantly lower than those of people underwent healthy physical examination,the differences were statistically significant [(0.68 ± 0.22) vs(1.82 ± 0.31) nmol/L,(2.08 ± 0.31) vs (4.19 ± 0.75) pmol/L,all P ＜ 0.05].The T4,FT4 and TSH levels in patients with acute cerebral infarction were increased significantly,the differences were statistically significant [(142.56 ± 20.78) vs (109.89 ± 12.37) nmol/L,(12.88 ± 1.15) vs (9.77 ± 0.96) pmol/L,(5.15 ± 1.16) vs (2.95 ± 1.31) mU/L,all P ＜ 0.05].Compared with the acute phase,convalescence of cerebral infarction patients' serum T3 and FT3 levels [(1.75 ± 0.19) nmol/L,(3.97 ± 0.61) pmol/L] increased significantly,the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05),and T4,FT4 and TSH [(115.64 ± 14.38) nmol/L,(10.05 ± 1.02) pmol/L,(3.16 ± 0.98) mU/L] obviously decreased,the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).Compared with control group,convalescence of cerebral infarction patients' serum T3,T4,FT3,FT4 and TSH were not statistically different (all P ＞ 0.05).There was a negative correlation between FT3 levels and NIHSS scores on admission (r =-0.586,P ＜ 0.05).Ninety days after discharge,7 cases (38.89％) of the patients had a good prognosis in low FT3 group,and normal FT3 group had 22 cases (68.75％) of patients with good prognosis,and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =7.186,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The thyroid hormone has a protective stress reaction in patients with acute cerebral infarction.The thyroid hormone level has changed significantly in the acute phase,and returned to normal level with improvement of the patients.As a biochemical indicator thyroid hormone detection can be used to estimate the prognosis of patients with acute cerebral infarction.

Objective To analyze the pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella enteritidisstrains isolated in Longyan city in order to provide reference for effective control, clinical diagnosis and treatment of outbreaks of food-borne diseases.Methods Seventy-seven Salmonella enteritidis strains isolated from food poisoning cases, livestock and poultry meat samples collected for food safety risk monitoring and sporadic cases in 2014 and 2016 were analyzed by PFGE.Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 16 common antibiotics to 57 strains.Results Seventeen PFGE types were identified among the 77 Salmonella strains including three predominant types (P4, P6 and P8) and were grouped into three major pulsotypes (Cluster1-3) at 90% similarity level.The predominant types causing outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis infection were P8, P6, P4 and P14, which were responsible for five cases of food poisoning.These isolated strains were highly resistant to nalidixic acid (93%), followed by resistance towards ampicillin (74%) and streptomycin (54%).Forty-one strains were resistant to three or more antibiotics (71.93%).Conclusion The PFGE types of Salmonella enteritidis strains isolated in Longyan city exhibit polymorphism and are clustered into three major pulsotypes.PFGE molecular typing can provide early-warning of sporadic outbreaks and help to identify the sources of infections in Salmonella enteritidis-related food poisoning.Attentions should be paid to multidrug resistant Salmonella enteritidis.Surveillance for multidrug resistant strains and usage of antibiotics should be strengthened.

Objective To analyze the genetic characteristics of echovirus type 25( Echo25) strains isolated from patients with viral encephalitis in Longyan city. Methods Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) specimens were collected from hospitalized patients with viral encephalitis or central nervous system infection in Longyan,2012. Enteroviruses(EV)were isolated from the specimens and then identified. Four strains of Echo25 were screened out by using serum neutralization test. Coding sequence of the VP1 region of the 4 Echo25 strains were amplified by RT-PCR and then sequenced. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to ana-lyze the nucleotide sequence homology between those sequences and the sequences of reference Echo25 strains available in the GenBank database. Results The VP1 nucleotide sequences of Echo25 strains isola-ted in Longyan were 498 bp in length,encoding 166 amino acid residues. The homology analysis showed that the VP1 nucleotide sequences of 3 strains were identical,sharing 97% homology in nucleotide with the rest strain. The Echo25 strains isolated in Longyan were highly similar to KJ957190( Beijing,2010)and HM031189(Henan,2008)strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Echo25 strains isolated in Longyan belonged to genotype B1. Conclusion Echo25 was one of the pathogens causing viral encephalitis in Longyan in 2012 and different transmission chains of Echo25 had emerged. This study indicates that it is necessary to strengthen the surveillance for EV and understand the genetic variation of the Echo25 for provi-ding better supportive evidences for the prevention and control of related diseases.

ObjectiveToanalyzetheclinicalandimagingcharacteristicsinpatientswithcarotidsteal syndrome ( CSS ) and to investigate its compensatory pathw ays, diagnosis, and treatment. Methods The medical history and imaging data of the patients with CSS were colected. Their vascular lesions, colateral circulation, treatment, and prognosis w ere analyzed. Results A total of 11 patients w ith CSS (8 males and 3 females, mean age 66.7 ±5.1 years) were enroled in the study. Their clinical manifestations were posterior circulation transient ischemic attack (TIA) ( n=9, 81.8%), posterior circulation infarction ( n=1, 9.1%), and anterior circulation TIA ( n=1, 9.1%). A total of 19 pathological arteries w ere found:12 (63.1%) w ith occlusion, 2 (10.5%) w ith subtotal occlusion, 4 (21.0%) w ith severe stenosis and 1 (5.2%) w ith artery dissection. Seven patients (63.6%) w ere bilateral internal carotid artery lesions, 3 (27.2%) w ere unilateral bilateral internal carotid artery lesions, and 1 (9.1%) w as bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Eleven patients had primary col ateral circulation, including posterior communicating artery patency in 10 patients (90.9%) and anterior communicating artery patency in 1 patient (9.1%). Four patients (36.3%) had secondary col ateral circulation and 1 (9.1%) had tertiary col ateral circulation. Al patients w ere treated w ith medication on the basis of the management of risk factors. Three patients w ere treated w ith stenting and tw o were treated with carotid endarterectomy. No stroke occurred in al patients during folow -up til September 2014. Conclusions The vascular lesions of patients w ith CSS often occur in the extracranial segment of internal carotid artery. Usual y the compensatory blood is through the circle of Wil is. The presentation is ischemia in the stolen arteries. Its diagnosis needs to be examined by digital subtraction angiography. On the basis of medication therapy, some patients may be treated w ith surgery or endovascular intervention.

Objective To analyze imaging infarct patterns and features in patients with severe stenosis or occlusion of internal carotid artery (ICA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA)from the point of view of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and to investigate the infarction related mechanism. Methods Eighty-eight patients with acute ischemic stroke who had moderate to severe ICA or MCA stenosis or occlusion confirmed by cerebral angiography were analyzed retrospectively. They were divided into ICA lesion and MCA lesion groups. The infarct patterns were classified as single and multiple according to DWI. The former were reclassified as perforating artery infarct (PAI), pial infarct (PI), watershed infarct, and large infarct. Results There were 11 types of infarct patterns in MCA territories. The DWI multi-infarct pattern accounted for 62.5% of all patients (55/88). PI with watershed infarction appeared more often in the ICA lesion group (11/45, P=0. 040), and PI with PAI appeared more often in the MCA lesion group (10/43, P = 0. 037). Conclusions In patients with cerebral infarction associated with ICA or MCA severe stenosis or occlusion, most of them showed multi-infarct pattern,which suggested the mixed mechanisms such as embolization, hypoperfusion/impaired clearance of emboli, and local perforating branch occlusion were the main mechanisms of the occurrence of cerebral infarction. The main mechanism of cerebral infarction in the ICA lesion group was embolization combined with hypoperfusion/impaired clearance of emboli, while in the MCA lesion group was embolization combined with local perforating branch occlusion.

This study aimed to analyse the genetically characterize isolates of Echovirus 11 from Longyan City,Fujian Province,and to reveal their genetic relationships with other isolates from China and abroad. Cerebrospinal fluid specimens from patients diagnosed with viral encephalitis or central nervous system (CNS) infections were collected from Longyan First Hospital between January and December 2011. Seven Echo11 strains were isolated and identified using the RIMV serum panel. The entire VP1 coding regions of four strains were sequenced and typed as Echo11 by an online blast program and,subsequently, phylogenet- ic analyses of the VP1 sequences of these stains and others published on GenBank were conducted. There were 600 nucleotides (nt) in each complete VP1 coding region that encoded 200 amino acids (aa). Among those four Echo11 strains, the sequence identities of nt and aa were 100% and 99%-100% respectively. And phylogenetic analyses indicate belong to subtype DS, the homology compared with DS strain (GU393713) were 93% (nt) and 99% (aa). The sequence identities for the nt and aa were 75%-76% and 90%, respectively, between the current isolates from Longyan and the Gregory prototype strain found in 1953. The sequence identity of nt and aa between the Longyan virus strains and the domestic Shandong strains isolated in 2010 were lower, at 74% and 88%-89%, respectively. However,the highest level of ho- mology was found when the Longyan strains were compared with the Netherlands strain (GU393773) found in 2007 (nt and aa identity: 94%-95% and 98%-99%, respectively). The relatively low levels of similarity between domestic isolates suggest that different transmission routes exist for Echo11 in mainland China.
Adolescent ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chin ; China ; Encephalitis, Viral ; virology ; Enterovirus B, Human ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Enterovirus Infections ; virology ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; Viral Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics

Objective To analyze the basal conditions of 5 patients with cerebrovascular fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD),and explore the clinical presentation,imaging features,therapies and outcomes of cerebrovascular FMD.Methods Five patients with cerebrovascular FMD,admitted to our hospital from January 2012 to April 2013,were chosen in our study; their medical history and imaging features were collected,and their clinical presentation,imaging features,therapies and outcomes were retrospectively analyzed when combining with literature review.Results Five patients all presented with stroke,including four having hemiplegia as the initial symptom,and one having headache with nausea and vomiting as the main performance.One was diagnosed as having subarachnoid hemorrhage by CT scan,and four had different infarction lesions in lobes and basal ganglia on MRI.Artery dissection was discovered in all patients by cerebral digital substraction angiography,including two with right internal carotid artery dissection,one with right vertebral artery dissection combined with aneurysm in anterior communicating artery associated with "string-of-beads" appearance on C1 segment of right internal carotid artery and left vertebral artery,one with bilateral vertebral artery dissection,and the last one with bilateral internal carotid artery dissection and moyamoya disease-like vessels.No abnormality was discovered in two patients by renal artery angiography.The patient with anterior communicating artery aneurysm was treated with endovascular aneurysm embolization,having poor prognosis.In the remaining 4 patients with cerebral infarction,two were treated with carotid artery stenting,and the other 2 were only given antiplatelet therapy.No patient suffered cerebrovascular accidents during the 12-month follow-up.Conclusions Cerebrovascular FMD is a rare cause of young stroke,and patients with cerebrovascular FMD often manifest headache,neck bruit,carotid artery dissection and stroke.It is particularly important to make definitive diagnosis by performing cerebrovascular imaging examinations and give treatment accordingly.The long term outcome of FMD is not clear now.