We have carried out experiment design and comment,and students write the reports of experiment design in patho- physilolgy teaching from the aspects of basic process of experiment research and basic factors,principle and meaning of experi- ment design.By way of the teaching reform,the major position of students in studying is established,students' ability to study in- dependently and acquire knowledge actively are well cultivated,their comprehensive quality are enhanced and the teachers con- struction is also promoted.

Balance function is one of injured functions needed rehabilitation after stroke. It is also the considerable signal of the restoration for motor function, which being thought highly in the field of rehabilitation. In some aspect, the restoration of balance function cannot be substituted by stance. The authors mainly discussed the mechanism and issues of balance training by which the balance function of stroke patients in chronic period improved, based on nerve compensative mechanism.

AIM: To explore the role of intestinal lymphatic pathway in MODS pathogenesis by two-hit in rats. METHODS: Mesenteric lymph was diverted by ligating mesenteric lymph duct, and the MODS model was established by two-hit method. 45 Wistar rats were divided into three groups: mesenteric lymph duct ligation group, non-ligation group and sham group. All rats facilitated blood withdrawal for serum sample at pre-experiment and after 24 h. Then organs including kidney, liver, lung, heart and intestine were collected for preparing homogenate. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF?), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined. RESULTS: It showed that the MODS model was established successfully. After two-hit, the TNF?, NO 2 -/NO 3 -, NOS, iNOS and MDA in serum of non-ligation group were significantly increased than that in pre-experiment and sham group, and SOD was significantly lower ( P

Objective To compare the reliability of modificatory method and traditional method in preparing ischemic stroke rat model in rehabilitation period.Methods 173 female SD rats were divided into traditional method group(n=63),modificatory method group(n=109) and control group(n=37).In the traditional method group,the thread embolus was inserted through the left external carotid artery(ECA),and then left ECA and pterygopalatine artery(PPA) were ligated.In the modificatory method group,the thread embolus was inserted through the left internal carotid artery(ICA) and only left common carotid artery(CCA) was ligated.In the control group,the thread embolus was not inserted,only CCA was ligated.Results There was no significant difference in neurofunction score between the modificatory method group and the traditional method group(P>0.05).The operating time was significantly shortened(P<0.01) and the survival time was significantly prolonged in the modificatory method group compared with that of the traditional method group(P<0.01).The two-month survival rate was 54.13% in the modificatory method group and 31.75% in the traditional method group receptively,the former was significantly longer than the latter(P<0.01).Conclusion The ischemic stroke model established by modificatory methods is not only precisely and reliable but also save operating time and improve survival rate of the animals compared with the traditional method.The main death causes of animals are large-area cerebral edema and electrolyte imbalance after operation.

Objective To study the effects of constraint-induced movement train (CIMT) on the neurological medullary sheath in the rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods 55 SD rats were randomly divided into CIMT group and nature recovery (NR) group after MCAO. The CIMT group were trained with balance beam and rolling cage everyday, with restrictting the movement of the intact upper limbs. The NR group lived in the same condition. The rats in CIMT group were assessed with ethology 5 d, 10 d, 15 d, 30 d and 60 d after operation respectively. At last, 5 rats of each group were checked with MRI, then they were immolated for myelin staining. Results The balance and muscle strength of CIMT group improved better compared with the NR ones (P<0.05), as well as the diameter and the demyelination of neurofibril in the infarcted area. Conclusion CIMT can collect more functional neurofibra and decrease myelinolysis.

AIM:To observe the effects of normal mesenteric lymph (NML) on the lung, heart and liver inju-ries and the phosphorylation levels of p 38 mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK) , extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the mice with endotoxic shock (ES).METHODS: The NML was drained form health male BALB/c mice for the intervention of ES after the removal of cellular constituent .Lipopolysaccha-ride (LPS, 35 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into the mice for the establishment of ES model .After 60 min of LPS injection, the administration of NML (1/15 of whole blood volume) was performed through the femoral artery in NML +ES group.Meanwhile, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was monitored during the experiment .At 6 h after intraperitoneal in-jection of LPS or the corresponding time point , blood samples were harvested from the heart through apical centesis for de-termination of the biochemical indexes to reflect myocardial and hepatocyte injuries .Simultaneously , the lung , heart and liver tissue specimens from a fixed location were harvested for the observation of histomorphology and the measurement of phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK.RESULTS:Compared with sham shock (SS) group, MAP in ES group and NML+ES group remarkably decreased at multiple time points after intraperitoneal injection of LPS .However, MAP in NML+ES group at 80 min, 90 min, 190 min, 210 min, 240 min, 250 min, 340 min, 350 min, and 360 min were significantly increased compared with ES group .There were normal structures in the lung , liver and myocardium of the mice in SS group, while the morphological damages of these tissues appeared in ES group .Meanwhile, the damages were attenuated in the mice of NML +ES group.The activities of AST , ALT and CK-MB in the plasma in ES group were remark-ably higher than those in SS group .The CK-MB activity in NML+ES group was also increased compared with SS group , and the activities of AST and LDH-1 were lower than those in ES group .At 6 h after LPS injection , the phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK in the lung tissues were remarkably increased .Meanwhile , no statistical difference of these indexes between the myocardial and hepatic tissues was observed .NML intervention decreased the phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK in the lung tissues , and p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK in the myocardial tissues .CONCLUSION:The NML administration alleviates multi-organ injuries and reduces the phosphorylation level of p 38 MAPK in the lung tis-sues in the mice subjected to ES .

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of the intestinal lymph drainage on lung tissue cell apoptosis in rats with hemorrhagic shock after resuscitation,rich ALI intestinal lymphatic pathway theory.MethodsTUNEL method was used to determine the apoptosis of lung tissue cells,the brown nuclei were apoptotic cells.SABC was used to determine Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression.ResultsThe shock group and shock + drainage group lung tissue cell apoptosis rate were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group,but the shock + drainage group,the apoptosis of lung tissue cells was significantly lower than the shock group.Sham operation group showed Bcl-2,Bax protein of expression; In shock group,lung tissue cell Bcl-2 expression was significantly lower than the sham operation group,the Bax expression was significantly higher than that in the sham operation group; In shock + drainage group,lung tissue cells shored enhanced expression of Bcl-2,Bax expression was reduced,and the shock + drainage group lung tissue cell Bcl-2 expression was significantly higher than that in the shock group,the expression of Bax was significantly lower than the shock group.ConclusionThe excessive apoptosis of lung tissue cells was one of the mechanisms of lung injury after shock.Intestinal lymph drainage could reduce lung tissue cell apoptosis,the mechanism invdved the regulation of Bcl-2/Bax protein expression.

AIM: To study the role of post-hemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph (PHSML) drainage on the balance of angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE) and ACE2 in the kidney.METHODS:A hemorrhagic shock model was established and then fluid resuscitation was performed to the animals in shock and shock+drainage groups, and the PHMSL was drained in shock+drainage group after fluid resuscitation.After 6 h of resuscitation, the mRNA expression of ACE, ACE2, angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) and Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor (MasR), and the levels of Ang II and Ang (1-7) in the renal tissues were observed.RESULTS:Hemorrhagic shock increased the levels of ACE mRNA, AT1R mRNA and Ang II, and decreased the levels of ACE2 mRNA, MasR mRNA and Ang(1-7) in the kid-ney.PHSML drainage abolished the effect of hemorrhagic shock on ACE2 and AT1R mRNA expression.Meanwhile, PHSML drainage reduced the hemorrhagic shock-induced increases in the ratios of ACE/ACE2, Ang II/Ang(1-7) and AT1R/MasR.CONCLUSION:The PHSML drainage restores the balance of ACE/ACE2, which is beneficial to alleviate acute kidney injury following hemorrhagic shock in the mice.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of meglumine adenosine cyclosphosp (MAC) on the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rabbits.Methods Twenty four healthy rabbits were randomly divided into control group (n =6),I/R group (n =6),MAC pretreated group (n =6),and MAC treated group (n =6).Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model was made by separating and electrocoagulating vertebral arteries and clipping common carotid arteries in the latter 3 groups after anesthesia.The sham-operated group underwent vessel separation without clipping.L/R group was administered with nothing,while MAC pretreated group with MAC before ischemia,and MAC treated group with MAC just after ischemia.Blood was gathered from jugular vein before ischemia,and 30 min,1 h,and 2 h after reperfusion for testing IL-8,superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA).The brain tissue slice was observed by optical microscope.Results Compared to control group and before ischemia,the levels of IL-8 and SOD in serum were significantly increased and decreased,and the levels of MDA was significantly increased at 30 min after reperfusion in I/R group; the levels of IL-8 and MDA in serum were significantly increased,and the levels of SOD in serum was significantly decreased at 1 h and 2 h after reperfusion in I/R group.The levels of IL-8 in serum was less at 30 min and 1 h and 2 h after reperfusion in MAC pretreated group than in I/R group.At 1 h and 2 h after reperfusion,the levels of MDA in serum was less and the levels of SOD in serum was higher in MAC pretreated group than in I/R group.At 1 h and 2 h after reperfusion,the levels of IL-8 in serum were less and the levels of SOD in serum were higher in MAC treated group than in I/R group.The levels of MDA in serum were less at 2 h after reperfusion in MAC treated group than in I/R group.Compared to I/R group,pathological change was lighter in the MAC pretreated and MAC treated group.Conclusions MAC has a fine cerebral-protective effect and has no side effect.

AIM: To observe the effects of shock lymph on apoptosis relative gene expressions of pulmonary micro-vascular endothelial cells(PMVECs),and explore its mechanism.METHODS: The model of severe hemorrhagic shock was established by maintaining the blood pressure of rats in the condition of sepsis,mesentery lymph and shock portal vein blood was taken out.As control,mesentery lymph,portal vein blood of normal rats was taken out.The primary PMVECs of passages 3 were treated by different treatment factors,respectively.The apoptosis rate was analyzed by flow cytometry,and the expressions of relative genes of apoptosis such as fas,fas L,bcl-2 and bax were detected by RT-PCR.RESULTS: The apoptosis rate of PMVECs was 9.86%?3.24% after exposed to shock lymph at the final concentration of 4% for 4 hours and significantly higher than that in control(P