Objective To investigate the influence of ionic strength on the stability of the methotrexate-loaded dendrimer nanoparticles. Methods The influences of different ions (Na+,Cl-) and different concentrations of sodium chloride on the stability of the nanoparticles were studied. The particle size was measured by dynamic light scattering(DLS) and drug-loading content was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in order to evaluate the stability. Results The Cl- was finally verified to play an important role in stabilizing the nanoparticles and the effective concentration of the sodium chloride was recommended to be below 1. 80% . Conclusion The recommended concentration (less than 1. 80% ) of the sodium chloride significantly improves the stability of the nanoparticles and benefits for long term storage.

Objective To investigate the relationship of ELK-3 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition ( EMT) for ex-ploring its possible mechanism .Methods The human hepatocellular carcinoma cells ( HCC) were divided into small interference RNA transfection group and Ras-ELK-3 pathway inhibitor group .The protein level of ELK-3 target gene EGR-1 E-cadherin ,vimentin and p38 in HCC were determined by Western blot analysis .Results The protein level of ELK-3 and its target gene EGR-1 in treated human hepatocellular carcinoma cells significantly decreased as compared with the negative control group (P<0.01).The protein level of E-cadherin was significantly increased (P<0.01), while vimentin and p38 were decreased in HCC cells with ELK-3 interference (P<0.01).Conclusions ELK-3 in-terference can inhibit the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of HCC cells by down-regulating p38.

OBJECTIVETo compare the sensitivity of Brown Norway rats (BN) with Guinea pigs (GP) as allergen assessment animal models.

METHODBN rats and GP were randomly assigned to 1 control group, 2 Bovine serum albumin group (BSA), respectively. Animals in BSA groups of BN rats and GPs were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of 0.6% BSA 1 ml on day 1, 3, 5, respectively, and irritated by intravenous injection of 2.4% BSA 1 ml on day 7 and day 14 after the last sensitization, while the same volume of normal saline was given to control group on each time point mentioned above. The allergic reactions were scored within 1 h after each irritation treatment, and the sera of both BN rats and GPs were collected to detect IgE concentration by using ELISA. The sera were also applied for passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test (PCA test) in SD rats.

RESULTNo obvious allergic reactions were observed in BSA group of GPs after each irritation treat, however, the score of allergic response in BSA group of BN rats was evidently higher than that in control group after first irritation. PCA test by using sera from BSA group of BN rats after both irritations showed the strong positive result characterized as large amount of subcutaneous effusions of Evans blue in SD rats, however, the sera from BSA group of GP were negative in PCA test. Serum IgE concentration did not increase after each irritation in BSA group of both BN rats and GP.

CONCLUSIONBN rats were more sensitive than GPs on initiative systemic anaphylaxis test and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test. Meanwhile, BN rats has an advantage in experimental treatment compared with Guinea pigs.

Allergens ; administration & dosage ; toxicity ; Anaphylaxis ; chemically induced ; Animals ; Guinea Pigs ; Hypersensitivity ; etiology ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred BN ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective To investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of measles in patients of different age groups in Northeast China in 2014.Methods The clinical data of patients with measles in ten hospitals of infectious diseases in Northeast China from January 2014 to June 2014 were collected.Patients were divided into <16 age group and ≥16 age group, and the epidemiology , clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of all patients were retrospectively reviewed .SPSS 17.0 was used for data analysis.Results There were 1 401 patients with measles, in which 402 were <16-year old, and 999 were ≥16-year old.Clinical manifestations were mainly maculopapule (100.0%), fever (84.58%), cough (85.80%), Koplik’ s spot (73.23%), pharyngeal hyperemia (71.23%), diarrhea (43.97%), expectoration (40.97%), tears (39.40%) and runny nose (30.55%).The incidences of Koplik’s spot, sputum, pharyngeal hyperemia and diarrhea in <16 age group were lower than those in ≥16 age group (χ2 =8.364, 29.768, 10.953 and 6.701, P<0.05 or <0.01); while the incidence of runny nose was higher than that in ≥16 age group (χ2 =6.703, P<0.05).Abnormalities were found in blood routine examination, C-reactive protein (CRP), liver and kidney function, serum electrolyte levels, myocardial enzymes, and so on.Increasing in WBC, PLT and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CKMB), and decreasing in WBC were observed in 38(9.45%), 122(30.35%), 279(69.40%) and 105(26.12%), patients in <16 age group, which were higher than those in ≥16 age group [45(4.5%), 14(1.40%), 347(34.73%) and 202(20.22%)], and the differences were of statistical significance (χ2 =12.593, 274.033, 139.385 and 5.830, P<0.05 or P<0.01).Increasing in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), CRP, total bilirubin level (TBil), creatine kinase (CK), and decreasing in albumin (Alb), K+, Na+, Cl-were observed in 70(17.41%), 7(1.74%), 38(9.45%), 7(1.74%), and 214(53.23%), 59(14.68%), 45(11.19%), 94(23.38%) patients in <16 age group, which were lower than those in ≥16 age group [668(66.87%), 89(8.91%), 277(27.73%), 714(71.47), and 268(26.83%), 339(33.93%), 642(64.26%), 450 (45.05%)], and the differences were of statistical significance (χ2 =281.230, 23.073, 50.687, 159.740, and 14.674,114.286, 44.268, 271.546, P<0.01).Laryngitis and pneumonia were the most common complications.The incidence of laryngitis in <16 age group was 12.69% (51/402), which was higher than that in ≥16 years group (93/999, 9.31%,χ2 =3.545, P<0.05);while the incidence of spot shadows demonstrated by X-ray in <16 years group ( 72.89%, 121/166 ) was higher than that in ≥16 years group (265/445, 59.55%,χ2 =9.249, P<0.01).Conclusions There are differences in clinical features of measles in patients between <16 age group and ≥16 age group.Basic immunization in children and revaccination in adults should be enhanced to control the epidemics of measles .

Objective: To understand the prevalence and associated factors of school bullying among primary and secondary school students in Haidian District, and to provide scientific basis for intervention plan. Methods: From September to October 2021, 1 906 primary and secondary school students in Haidian District were selected by stratified cluster random sampling for electronic questionnaire survey,an electronic questionnaire survey was conducted on students by using the questionnaire of the Student Health Status and Influencing Factors Questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of campus bullying among primary and secondary school students in Haidian District was 4.3%, of which primary school (7.6%) > junior middle school (4.1%) > vocational high school (2.5%) > senior high school (1.9%) ( χ 2=23.49, P ＜0.01), boys (5.5%) were more than girls (3.0%) ( χ 2=7.44, P ＜ 0.01 ), students from abnormal families (6.9%) were higher than students from normal families (3.9%) ( χ 2=4.24, P =0.04). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that students in primary school had a higher risk of being bullied in school ( OR =2.13). Abnormal family ( OR = 1.07 ), smoking experience ( OR =2.28), experience of being beaten and scolded by parents( OR =2.49) and fighting behavior ( OR =1.84) were positively correlated with school bullying ( P <0.05). Conclusion Campus bullying is prevalent in primary and secondary schools in Haidian District, which warrents further attention of schools and education departments. Family school partnership and targeted prevention and intervention measures for key populations are expected.

OBJECTIVETo search new effective compounds, the different hemostatic effects of Flos Sophorae, Flos Sophorae Carbonisatus and principal constituent were observed.

METHODUsing the bleeding time (BT) and the recalcification time (RT) as the specificity indicators for the hematischesis function, the hemostatic effects of the following were observed. Flos Sophorae, Flos Sophorae Carbonisatus, characteristic value extraction thing A and B (SCE A and B) and the principal constituent after orally administered in normal rats in order to analyze the new hemostatic compounds.

RESULTFlos Sophorae, and Flos Sophorae Carbonisatus can obviously reduce BT and RT in rats, in which the effect of Carbonisatus is stronger than the crude. Otherwhile, SCE A and SCE B can also obviously reduce BT and RT in rats, in which the effects of SCE B surpassed those of SCE A. Furthermore, two characteristic compounds extracted from SCE B (kaikasaponin I called compound 1 and isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside named called 2) and other nominated principal constituents (rutin, tannin), can obviously shorten BT and RT in rats, among which compound 2 is most superior.

CONCLUSIONThe Flos Sophorae, Flos Sophorae Carbonisatus and their character compounds can shorten! the BT and RT in rats. The compound 2 from SCE B has the most superior effect. Study showed that compound 2 should be the new hemostatic compounds after Flos Sophorae carbonized. The results also indicated that the increase of hemostatic effect after Flos Sophorae carbonized should be related with the coordination of various kinds of ingredient.

Animals ; Bleeding Time ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Hemostatics ; administration & dosage ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sophora ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo investigate the preclinical evaluation method of pseudoanaphylactoid reactions for Chinese herbal injections.

METHODBeagle dogs were divided into control group (C), 0.5% tween 80 group (T), Yuxincao injection containing 0.5% tween 80 (YT), distilled solution from Yuxincao (Y). Various groups of Beagle dogs were given 3 mL x kg(-1) of the test articles intravenously. The anaphylactoid reactions were observed immediately, while blood pressure, respiratory frequencies and heart rates were tested at 10 min and 30 min after administration.

RESULTA variety of symptoms that range from cutaneous and mucosa signs to bronchospasma and cardiovascular collapse, including angioedema at lip, conjunctiva, ear and circumoral skin, somnolence, lethargy, breathless or dyspnea, severe hypotension etc were observed in T and TY groups from immediately post-injection to at least 30 min after administration. These reactions occurred at both first injection or repeated injections at 24 weeks intervals, manifesting that it was pseudoanaphylactoid reaction mediated by non-immune mechanisms.

CONCLUSIONBeagle dogs could be used as an animal model for preclinical evaluation of pseudoanaphylactoid reactions of Chinese herbal injection with sensitivity, reproducibility, and high clinic consistency.

Anaphylaxis ; chemically induced ; etiology ; immunology ; Animals ; Dogs ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Injections, Intravenous ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Random Allocation

Objective To review the clinical-pathological features, the tendency of incidence over 20 years, the predisposing factors, and the differences between the cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma from two hospitals. Methods A collection of 305 cases diagnosed as cutaneous malignant melanoma, among which 185 cases had complete clinical-pathological data, during 1981-2000 was analyzed. Results Acral malignant melanoma accounted for 63.3%, and the cases associated with congenital small nevi at the primary site accounted for 15.8% of 305 patients. During the period 1981-1990 and 1991-2000, cutaneous malignant melanoma constituted 0.053% and 0.094%, respectively, of all diagnoses with pathological sections, with an growth rate of 3.9% yearly. There was a tendency of the increased lesions located on face and neck, and decreased lesions on acra, over 20 years. Conclusion A rise of diagnosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma has been noticed from two hospitals over 20 years. Acra, especially planta, is the predominant anatomical site of cutaneous malignant melanoma.

OBJECTIVETo modify the empirical method of precision-cut liver slice technique, and study the hepatotoxicity of monocrotaline by this technique.

METHODLiver slices were prepared by the domestic shaking slicer. The technique of precision-cut liver slice was established by detecting MTT reduction used as the slice viability under different culture medium, thickness of slices, pH and culture temperature. After monocrotaline and liver slices co-culture for 6, 24 h, the slice viability, enzyme activity of GPT, GOT, LDH, GGT and protein concentration were detected by MTT reduction, enzyme kinetics method and BCA protein assay method, respectively.

RESULTWhen the thickness of slices was 200 microm and pH of medium was 6.8, culture temperature was 37 degrees C, BPM culture medium, the viability of slices could maintain on a steady level. LDH leakage was significantly increased and protein content was obviously decreased after monocrotaline co-culture for 24 h with final concentration 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5 g x L(-1). No statistically significant difference between control group and monocrotaline 3 dose groups was observed in the slice viability and the content of GPT, GOT, LDH, GGT and protein after monocrotaline co-culture for 6 h.

CONCLUSIONThe slice viability could retain 24 h in modified BPM medium surroundings; monocrotaline displayed liver toxicity in some degree after co-culture for 24 hours in 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5 g x L(-1) concentration.

Animals ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Liver ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Monocrotaline ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Temperature ; Toxicity Tests

OBJECTIVETo establish a simple and feasible method of anaphylactoid test on awaked small animals for screening and assessing anaphylactoid reaction of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) injection with different concentration of tween 80.

METHODTest substances containing 0.4% Evans blue were intravenously injected into mice at volume of 20 mL x kg(-1) or guinea pigs at a volume of 30 mL x kg(-1). The behaviors were observed and the vascular permeability of ears evaluated by the extent of ear blue staining and absorbance of Evans blue extraction of ears were tested at 30 min after injection.

RESULTTween 80 solution, Yuxingcao injection with tween 80, and Shuanghuanglian powder injection obviously increased vascular permeability of ears characterized as ear blue staining and increased absorbance of the Evans blue extract from ears extracted by acetone saline both in mice and in guinea pigs in a concentration-dependent (in the case of tween 80) or a dose-dependent (Shuanghuanglian) manner.

CONCLUSIONEar vascular permeability test in mice and guinea pigs can be used as animal models to screen and test anaphylactoid reaction induced by injections.

Anaphylaxis ; chemically induced ; Animals ; Capillary Permeability ; drug effects ; Guinea Pigs ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; adverse effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Models, Animal