Objective To explore the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) in the diagnosis of hematoma and active hemorrhage of renal trauma. Methods Totally 28 patients with renal trauma were examined by conventional ultrasound and CEUS,respectively,including 24 cases caused after renal biopsy,4closed trauma. The detectability of renal hematoma and active hemorrhage with these two methods were compared. All patients were identified by CT or follow-up studies with ultrasound. Results The detectability of renal hematoma with conventional ultrasound and CEUS were 67. 86% (19/28), 92. 86%(26/28), respectively. There was statistically different for detectability in the diagnosis ( P ＜0.05), and the extent of hematoma was more obvious with CEUS. CEUS diagnosed 7 of 26 were renal hematoma with active hemorrhage,which were difficult to be detected with conventional ultrasound. For renal hematoma,the features of CEUS were no enhancement found in every phase; for renal hematoma with active hemorrhage,the contrast agents overflowed from injured blood vessels and formed irregular remarkable enhanced regions. Conclusions CEUS is useful in diagnosing hematoma and identifying the extent and active hemorrhage of renal trauma,in addition,CEUS is valuable in detecting complications after renal biopsy.

Objective To assess the differential diagnosis and characteristics of renal benign and malignant tumors with three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound (3D-CEUS). Methods Totally 68 patients with renal tumors were examined by conventional ultrasound and two-dimensional contrastenhanced ultrasound(2D-CEUS). 3D imaging was reconstructed from 2D imaging, the differential diagnosis of renal tumors with 3D-CEUS was analyzed by comparing with 2D-CEUS. All patients with renal tumors were proved by operational pathology. Results Eighteen patients with renal benign tumors mostly displayed equal or low enhancement, showed "slowly in and slowly out" with 2D-CEUS, while displayed regular peripheral and internal vessels with 3D-CEUS. Fifty patients with renal malignant tumors mostly displayed high enhancement, showed "rapidly in and rapidly out" with 2D-CEUS,displayed winding peripheral vessels and disordered internal vessels with 3D-CEUS. 3D-CEUS may display the vascular characteristics of tumors and showed superior imaging quality to 2D-CEUS ( P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions 3D-CEUS can display the vascular characteristics of tumors and their spatial positions, it plays an important role in differential diagnosis between renal benign and malignant tumors.

Objective To investigate the value of contrast enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) with microbubbles targeted to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2) for imaging tumor angiogenesis in murine tumor models.Methods Established human renal cell carcinomas(RCC) subcutaneous xenograft tumor model in nude mice,microbubbles targeted to VEGFR2(MBV) was prepared,control microbubbles(MBC) and MBV were injected respectively in each mouse,the intensity of each microbubble was compared,the expressions of VEGFR2 in tumors were tested by immunohistochemistry.Results CEUS imaging showed the intensity of MBV and MBC was (6.50±1.43)dB,(2.59±0.99)dB,respectively.There was significantly higher intensity when using MBV compared with MBC (P<0.01).The time to wash out was longer in MBV contrast group compared with MBC group.Immunohistochemistry showed VEGFR2 was highly expressed in novel vessel walls.Conclusions Contrast microbubbles targeted to VEGFR2 can specially enhance the images of RCC and has tremendous significance in the assessment of angiogenesis.

Objective To analyze the misdiagnosis reasons in renal tumors with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and to improve cognition on CEUS. Methods Two-hundred and eighty-five cases were compared with pathology, the images in 22 cases misdiagnosed on CEUS were reviewed retrospectively and the reasons were analyzed. Results The diagnosis accuracy and misdiagnosis rate of CEUS were 92. 28 % (263/285) and 7. 72%(22/285), respectively. In these 22 cases, 9 cases misdiagnosed as renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were conformed by pathology as renal angiomyolipoma(RAMD), showed 5 cases "fast wash-in and fast wash-out", 4 cases "fast wash-in and slowly wash-out". Seven cases were conformed as RCC, in which 5 were misdiagnosed as RAML, showed 4 cases "fast wash-in and slowly wash-out", 1 cases "simultaneously wash-in and simultaneously wash-out", and 2 were misdiagnosed as renal cyst with no enhancement founded. Four cases misdiagnosed as hematoma were conformed as pyelo-carcinoma, with no enhancement founded in renal pelvis. The remaining 2 cases misdiagnosed as inflammatory pseudotumor were conformed as RCC, showed "fast wash-in and slowly wash-out". Conclusions With the high diagnosis accuracy,CEUS is an important method in diagnosis of renal tumors. Analyzing the misdiagnosed reasons may improve the cognition on CEUS and decrease the misdiagnosis.

Objective To investigate the source of the blood flow through ventricular septum in normal subject caused by slice-thickness artifact in echocardiography. Methods Echocardiography was performed in 50 normal subjects without ventricular septum defect by two models of echocardiography unit equipped with two models of transducer, observing the conditions and sections in which the blood flow through ventricular septum could be detected. Results The blood flow through ventricular septum was detected in 8 normal subjects using the certain model of echocardiography unit,especially in parasternal four chambers section and parasternal irregular sections, while the blood flow through ventricular septum wasn't detected in the other 42 subjects by any echocardiography unit. The blood flow through ventricular septum was caused by coronary vessel in atrioventrieular groove proved by combining dynamic observation with anatomy analysis. Conclusions The blood flow through ventricular septum in normal subjects, a kind of slice-thickness artifact in echocardiography,is caused by coronary vessel in atrioventricular groove mapped into intact ventricular septum.

Objective To discuss the imaging characteristics of chromophobic cell renal carcinoma (CCRC) and study the features on the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Methods The CEUS features of CCRC in 28 cases identified by pathology were reviewed. The blood supply and enhancement characteristic were observed and analyzed on time intensity curve parameters. Results The 28 cases of CCRC showed poor blood supply in contrast with the renal cortex. The CCRC presented with heterogeneity enhancement, part of the tumor took on a high wash-in and wash-out, and enhanced less intense than the surrounding renal cortex. The actinomorphous strong echo of the tumors might be revealed with CEUS in 15 cases (54%). The time intensity curve analysis demonstrated that the CCRCs' difference of peak intensity and area under the curve were lower than the renal cortex (P＜0.05), but arrival time, time-to-peak and slope of ascending curve were higher than the renal medulla (P＜0.05). Conclusion The actinomorphous enhancement and poor blood supply in the tumor of CEUS could provide diagnostic evidence for CRCC.

Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is a type of Meige syndrome, which is characterized by involuntary repeated abnormal postured contraction of bilateral masticatory muscles, orbicularis oris muscles and mimetic muscles. Involved nerves are buccal branch of facial nerve, mandibular marginal branch and/or mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve. At present, the pathogenesis of OMD is still unclear, and no specific treatment for OMD is noted. This article reviews the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, classifications, diagnoses, differential diagnoses and treatments of oromandibular dystonia in order to strengthen the understanding of the disease.

Humans ; Aged ; Lung Diseases ; Pneumonia/drug therapy* ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use* ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy* ; Administration, Inhalation ; Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy*