Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic value of MRI and ultrasound imagingr in the breast intraductal papilloma.Methods: 29 patients with multiple or isolated breast intraductal papilloma were selected, who were pathologically confirmed. All patients underwent preoperative breast X-ray, ultrasound, dedicated breast MRI plain and dynamic enhanced MRI. According to Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS), we observed the lesion size, shape, location, margin, polymorphism and its relationship with the catheter by the ultrasound and MRI scan, and analyze enhancement pattern of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI lesion. Results: In 29 cases of patients with 30 lesions, a total of 28 lesions were detected by MRI, including one patient with bilateral lesions which were positive, and two cases of malignant tumor which were difficult to identify. 25 lesions were detected by ultrasound, in which 4 cases were negative. There were statistical differences in BI-RADS classification of lesions detected by ultrasound and MRI(Z=-2.377,P<0.05). The detection rate of malignant intraductal papilloma lesion by MRI was higher than ultrasound.Conclusion: MRI and ultrasound imaging can be used for diagnosis of intraductal papilloma, but the MRI is superior to ultrasound scanner in lesion detection rate and accuracy, especially in the intraductal papilloma of benign and malignant.

Objective To elucidate the clinical characteristics of patients with empty sella (ES) and to improve the realization of this disease. Methods The clinical data of 44 patients with ES were collected from April 1988 to February 2005 and were retrospectively analyzed. Results (1) The patients, including 13 males and 31 females, aged (53±17) years (23-84). The median duration of the disease was 36 months (5-480). (2) The primary ES (93.2%) was more frequent than the secondary ES (6.8%). Among the patients, 19 cases (43.2%) with hypertension and 17 cases (38.6%) with cerebral infarction were found. Twenty-two female cases (71.0%) were multiparous. (3) The symptoms and clinical pictures included obesity (54.5%), dizziness (43.2%), headache (38.6%), impaired eyesight (20.5%) and hypopituitarism crisis (4.5%). (4) Secondary hypothyroidism occurred in 8 cases (22.9%), secondary hypogonadism in 5 cases (14.3%),secondary hypoadrenalism in 3 cases (8.6%) and hyperprolactinemia in 2 cases (5.7%). (5) The diagnosis depended on CT and MRI. The positive rate of pituitary MRI scan was 100%. Conclusions Long-term follow-up for ES cases is necessary. The patients with hypoadenia need to be treated as soon as possible to prevent the hypopituitarism crisis, which seems not to be infrequent and neads paying particular attention.

Carbonic anhydrases(CA)is a zinc-enzyme family。They are involved in multiple aspects of systemic and cellular acid-base balance.This review is a general introduction to the disposition,molecular constitution,biological function and physiological function of CA.

Metabolic memory means if the hyperglycemia can't be controlled at early stage of diabetes,chronic complications such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) will continue to develop even if the blood glucose level maintains normal level at later stage.Oxidative stress plays an important role in the metabolic memory of DR,which interacts with the nitrative stress,advanced glycation end products,genetic modification and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of DR.Further elucidation of the relationship between oxidative stress and metabolic memory of DR can open the way for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets to prevent DR progression.

Objective To investigate the clinical application of specific allergen immunotherapy (AIT)for the children with al-lergic asthma and rhinitis.Methods The in vitro specific allergen test system was adopted to detect allergen specific IgE and total IgE in children outpatients of the Children's Hospital.The children patients with dust mite allergy were divided into groups for con-ducting therapy.The immunotherapy group adopted the Dermatophagoides farinae drops for hypoglossis desensitization therapy, while the control group was performed the anti-allergic therapy by the common drugs.The clinical control indicator scores were per-formed after 6-months and 12-month therapy and at the same time the change of serum specific LgE was observed.Results Among 218 cases of allergy,114 cases(52.4%)were inhalation allergy and 101 cases (46.3%)were food allergy.98 cases of dust mite al-lergy accounted for 44.95% of the total allergy and 85.96% of the inhalation allergy.The difference in the curative effects between the AIT group and the control group had statistical significance(P <0.01).Conclusion Among 218 children cases of allergy,the dust mite allergy was maximum in the specific allergen detection;the hypoglossis specific immunotherapy has significant curative effect for the children with allergic asthma and rhinitis.

Objective: Construction mouse GM-CSF gene effective eukatyotic expressive vector, selection high GM-CSF expressing mouse leukemia cell line RMA after transfected with the constructed vector, and study the method of treatment leukemia with tumor cells transfected with GM-CSF gene.Methods:770 bp of GM-CSF 3' end cDNA was amplified by PCR and inserted into pcDNAS vector.The constructed vector was transfected into RMA cells by electroporation. After screening by G418 and cloning by limiting dilution, a relative high GM-CSF expressing cell clone was selected by RT-PCR, hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferative assay and hematopoietic progenitor cell colony formation assay. The cells of this clone were inactivated by mitomycin-C and vaccinated mice to induce antitumor immune reaction. Results: The orientation and sequence of the insert was found to be correct, and a GM-CSF high expressing cell line RMA-GM was selected , which can induce mice obtain anti-tumor protective immune ability after inactivated by mitomycin-C.Conclusion:Tumor cells transfected with GM-CSF gene may be used an effective anti-T lymphycoma tumor vaccine.

Objective To understand the influence of the disease-based hierarchical medical system on inpatients flow covered by the new rural cooperative medical system ( NRCMS) , and that on the funding diversion and medical costs so incurred. Methods One county was selected from the eastern, central and western regions of China respectively, where the disease-based hierarchical medical system has been in place. Policy documents of the three counties were reviewed to analyze such changes as NRCMS inpatients flow, inpatients subsidy diversion, NRCMS fund surplus rate of the current year and medical costs per hospitalization before and after the system was in place. Results A comparison with 2014 found a 1. 26%drop of the out-of-county inpatients of county W of the western region, a 2. 00% increase of township hospitals inpatients of county D in the middle region, and the same ratio of out-of-county and in-county inpatients in county F of the eastern region in 2015. Compared with 2014, the fund surplus rate of county W increased 10. 46%, and the inpatient subsidy ratio of county D decreased 2. 51% for those in out-of-county medical institutions in 2015. Thanks for the quota payment of specific diseases under global budget in county W, the inpatient medical costs per hospitalization dropped at both county and township medical institutions. Conclusions The disease-based hierarchical medical system could optimize the NRCMS inpatients distribution among various medical institutions, conducive for establishment and operation of such a system.

Objective To evaluate the role of δ receptor in reduction of hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury to cardiomyocytes by morphine preconditioning in rats with chronic heart failure.Methods Adult male Sprauge-Dawley rats weighing 220-250 g were used in the study.Chronic heart failure was induced by injection of adriamycin 2 mg/kg via the tail vein once a week for 6 weeks.Their hearts were removed 2 weeks after the last injection and the cardiomyocytes were isolated and cultured.The cells were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n =8 each):control group (group C); H/R group; morphine preconditioning group (group MPC); morphine preconditioning + naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist ) group (group MPC + Naloxone) ; morphine preconditioning + naltrindole ( δ receptor antagonist) group ( MPC + Naltrindole group).The cells were cultured in normal culture atmosphere in group C and were exposed in hypoxic air for 3 h followed by 1 h reoxygenation in the other groups.Morphine preconditioning was performed immediately before hypoxia in group MPC.Naloxone and naltrindole were added before morphine preconditioning in groups MPC + Naloxone and MPC + Natrindole respectively.At 1 h of reoxygenation,the cell viability ( by MTT assay),activities of lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) and creatine kinase (CK),and cell apoptosis were detected.The apoptotic rate was calculated.Results The cell viability was significantly lower,and the activities of LDH and CK and apoptotic rate were significantly higher in groups H/R,MPC + Naloxone and MPC + Natrindole than in group C (P ＜ 0.05).The cell viability was significantly higher,and the activities of LDH and CK and apoptotic rate were significantly lower in group MPC than in group H/R ( P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Morphine preconditioning reduces H/R injury to cardiomyocytes through activating δ receptor in rats with chronic heart failure.

Objective To investigate the genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Guangdong Province by linear probe assay (LiPA) and core,non-structural protein 5B (NS5B) sequence analysis,and to evaluate the accuracy of LiPA for genotyping.MethodsOne hundred and ten HCV specimens from chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients in Guangdong Province were genotyped by both core,NS5B sequence analysis and INNO-LiPA 2.0.The data were then analyzed with SPSS 10.0 software.ResultsAmong the 110 specimens,core and NS5B fragment could be amplified from 97 and 62 specimens,respectively,while both fragments were obtained from 57 specimens. The results of genotyping by core sequence analysis were completely consistent with the results of NS5B sequencing.One hundred and two specimens were classified into five subtypes,i.e.genotype 1a,2a,3a,3b,6a,with frequencies of 61.8％ (64),9.8％ (10),3.9％ (4),3.9％ (4),20.6％ (21),respectively.All but genotype 6 strains can be genotyped correctly by using INNO-LiPA 2.0.However,only subtype 1b and 3b could be genotyped accurately.81.5％ genotype 6a strains were genotyped as 1b by mistake. Conclusions Genotype 6a has become the second most prevalent genotype in Guangdong Province.The LiPA cannot distinguish genotype 6a from 1b strains accurately which needs further investigation.

Objective To measure the mRNA expression of immediate-early gene c-fos in endothelial cells by the use of different intermittent hypoxia (IH) protocols. Methods A gas control delivery system was homemade, which pro-duced IH/re-oxygenation(ROX) environmental exposure. The endothelial cells were exposed to IH/ROX cycles, and were di-vided into three groups (A, B and C). There were five sub-groups in each group. Group A included intermittent normoxia group, standard incubator control group, continuous hypoxia group (CH), 1.5%O2 IH group and 10%O2 IH group. There were different frequency IH of 1.5%O2 and 10%O2 sub-groups in group B and group C. Hypoxia time was 15 s. The intermittent hypoxia cycle was 60 and the ROX time was different. The total cycle time was different, including 1.5 h group, 3 h group, 5 h group, 6.5 h group and 9.5 h group. The mRNA expression of immediate-early gene c-fos was measured by real-time PCR. Results There was no significant difference in the level of c-fos mRNA between intermittent normoxia group and CH group. The expression of c-fos mRNA was significantly higher in 1.5%O2 IH group and 10%O2 IH group than that of intermit-tent normoxia group, and there was a higher expression level of c-fos mRNA in 1.5%O2 IH group than that of 10%O2 IH group (P＜0.01). It was found that the mRNA expression of c-fos increased gradually at first, and then gradually decreased. The expression of c-fos mRNA was significantly higher in 5 h group than that of other groups (P＜0.01). Conclusion The mRNA expression of immediate-early gene c-fos is increased after exposing to IH/ROX in endothelial cells, which is closely related with IH extents and frequencies.