Objective: This study is to examine the effects of different protective methods with DHCA on neuron injury of hippocampus. Methods: Sixteen pigs (22-25 kg) were divided randomly into four groups. Group I: DHCA; group II: ACP; group III: RCP; group IV: RCP+Nim. All animals were under deep hypothemia (18℃) and total circulatory arrest for 90 minutes, and then rewarmed 120 minutes until the pharyneal temperature to 36℃. End of the study, left hippocampi were removed and then dissociated. These dissociated cells were stained with Annexin V-FITC and then measured with flow cytometry to analyze neuron apoptosis. The morphological changes were examined by electron microscope. Results: Normal cell percentage was the lowest in group I. Compared with group III, normal cell percentage was higher in group II. There were no significant differences between group II and group IV, or group III and group IV. Early apoptotic cell percentage was higher in group I than that in the other three groups, and it is higher in group II than that in group III. There were no significant differences between group II and group IV, or group III and group IV. Both necrotic cell percentage and dead cell percentage were higher in group I than that in the other three groups and there was no significant difference between the other three groups (P=0.05). Conclusion: Apoptosis, necroses and death of neuron after DHCA is the main cause of postoperative nervous dysfunction. ACP has better protective effect on neuron by decreasing cell apoptosis and death. RCP could also reduce cell apoptosis and death but the effect is not as good as that of ACP. Nimodipine depresses partly calcium influx by blocking up VDCC and its protective effect is slight.

Objective To investigate the expression and cellular localization of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in cerebral cortex after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats.Methods Fifty-two male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into either a sham operation group (n =12) or a SAH group (n =40).The latter was randomly redivided into 6,12,24 h,and day 2 and 3 subgroups (n =8 in each group).A rat SAH model was induced by injecting fresh blood into the prechiasmatic cistern.Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of Cdk5 in rat brain cortex.Double labeling immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the cellular localization of Cdk5 protein in cerebral cortex.Neuronal nuclear antigen labeled neurons,and glial fibrillary acidic protein labeled astrocytes.Results Western blot showed that the expression of Cdk5 protein was up-regulated at 12 hours after SAH (t =3.709,P =0.001),and it reached the peak on day 1 (t =3.475,P=0.002).Immunohistochemistry showed that the proportion of Cdk5 positive cell was also increased gradually after SAH,and the changes of time course were consistent with the results of Western blot,and it reached the peak on day 1 (t =4.320,P =0.000).Double labeling immunofluorescence showed that Cdk5 was mainly expressed in the neuronal cytoplasm in the sham operation group,and Cdk5 shifted to the neuronal nuclei in the SAH group.Cdk5 was mainly colocalized between astrocytes and neurons.Conclusions SAH up-regulates the expression of Cdk5 protein in cerebral cortex.Cdk5 may be involved in early brain injury after SAH.

Objective To explore the common pathogen of infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis, and to study the differences between the seizures caused by the two kinds of virus.Methods RT-PCR was used to detect Rotavirus (RV) and Norwalkvirus (NoV) in stool and cerebrospinal fluid of 30 cases with infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis. The differences between the frequency of seizures caused by two kinds of virus were analyzed by statistical methods (two-sample t-test).Results 17/30 (56. 7%) were RV-positive in stool and 3/17 (17. 7%) in cerebrospinal fluid; 6/30 (25.0%) were NoV-positive in stool and 1/6 (16. 7%) in cerebrospinal fluid. The seizure frequency with NoV infection was (4. 33 ± 1.75) times, and RV infection patients was (2. 53 ± 1.12) times (P ＜ 0. 01).The seizure frequency of CSF virus-positive children was (4. 75 ± 1.71) times compared to (2. 63 ± 1.21)times in virus-negative children (P ＜ 0.01). Conclusion The common pathogens causing infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis were RV and NoV. The degree of NoV infection affecting the central nervous system may be greater than RV. The presence of the virus in cerebrospinal fluid may lead to higher incidence of seizures,but their exact roles related to the occurrence of seizures remain to be further studied.

Objectives:To investigate the effects of verapamil on serum induced proliferation of rabbit pigment epithelial(RPE) cells so as to search for simple and effective medicine on PVR. Methods:The rabbit RPE cells(passage 2 to 5) were cultured with various concentrations of verapamil in DMEM.The effects of verapamil on the cell cycle of RPE were analyzed with flow cytometry. Results:Verapamil significantly inhibited the serum induced proliferation of RPE cells, prevented RPE from G 1 phase transiting to S phase. Conclusions:Verapamil significantly inhibits RPE cell proliferation, and it may become a promising drug on PVR.

Objective To observe the effect of sterimar physiological sea water spray nasal spray on children with mild intermittent allergic rhinitis (AR).Methods 81 cases with mild intermittent AR from March 2014 to March 2015.All the cases were divided into observation group (n=40) and control group (n=41) according to the double blind and random number table method.The control group were given conventional loratadine treatment, observation group on the basis of the control group given sterimar physiological sea water spray nasal spray treatment.The symptoms of allergic rhinitis, signs score, mucociliary transport rate and clinical curative effect between two groups pre-and post-treatment were analysed and compared.Results After treatment, the symptoms of allergic rhinitis, signs score in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group (t=12.908,t=11.340;P<0.05).The mucociliary transport rate in observation group was significantly higher than that in control group (t =4.119;P<0.05).The total effective rate of observation group was significantly higher than that of control group (97.50%vs.80.49%;χ2 =5.933,P<0.05).Conclusion The clinical treatment effect of sterimar physiological sea water spray nasal spray could effectively alleviate the symptoms in the treatment of children with mild intermittent AR, which has an accurate efficacy.

Objective The present study was designed to investigate changes in serum or plasma concentrations of nitric oxide and its derivatives in diabetic patients.Methods Serum nitrate concentration of 84 diabetic patients was measured by using an enzyme kinetic method,and the plasma S-nitrosothiols concentration of 10 cases was measured by using HPLC technique.Results Serum nitrate concentration and plasma S-nitrosothiols concentration in the diabetics were significantly higher than in control group (P＜0.01 andP＜0.05,respectively).The serum nitrate concentration in diabetics also had a significant positive correlation with the serum glucose concentration (R=0.7256,P＜0.05),but this correlation was not found in control group.Conclusion These data showed that NO and its derivatives are overproduced in the diabetic patients.(J Geriatr Cardiol 2008;5:25-27)

BACKGROUND:Several reports have demonstrated that metabolic disorders and physiopathologic changes accompany with urinary diversion.But these metabolic disorders caused by bladder reconstruction using intestinal tract are related to type and length of intestinal canal.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the histological change of reservoir mucosa and to assess effects on metabolic state in patients with a Roux-y sigmoid neobladder.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:A retrospective case analysis was performed at the Department of Urinary Surgery,the 184 Hospital of Chinese PLA between June 2000 and November 2008.PARTICIPANTS:The experimental group comprised 33 bladder carcinoma patients,21 males and 12 females,averaging 64 years of age.The control group consisted of 25 subjects who had no sigmoid colon diseases confirmed by gastroenterological endoscopy.METHODS:Patients with bladder carcinoma received radical cystectomy and bladder reconstruction using Roux-y sigmoid neobladder which controlled urination with anal sphincter.Prior to and after neobladder drainage tube removal,serum levels of electrolyte,creatinine,and urea nitrogen were detected.Before and 36 months after surgery,reservoir mucosa from 13 patients with bladder carcinoma was pathologically examined.For the control group,the thickness of sigmoid colon mucosa and the numbers of intestinal glands were determined.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Electrolyte,renal function,acid-base balance,mucosal layer thickness,numbers of intestinal glands prior to and after surgery,as well as prior to and after drainage tube extraction.RESULTS:After surgery,electrolyte,creatinine,and urea nitrogen were all normal in 30 patients.There was no significant difference in serum electrolyte,creatinine,and urea nitrogen between prior to and after surgery.Mild acid poisoning was found in 3 patients.Microscopic observation results revealed that sigmoid colon mucosa in the control group did not change significantly after surgery,and it basically kept the normal tissue structure;in the experimental group,sigmoid colon mucosa that was(577.6±169.4)μm prior to surgery was thinned(412.5±114.7)μm(P＜0.05),intestinal glands were loosely arranged,interstitial substance became less,and the number of intestinal glands per high-fold visual field that was(26.4±3.5)/high-fold visual field prior to surgery was decreased(15.2±2.7)/high-fold visual field(P＜0.05),after surgery.In addition,intestinal villus in the neobladder was gradually atrophied,and no enterocyte proliferation and malignant changes were found after surgery.CONCLUSION:After Roux-y sigmoid neobladder application,colon mucosa was gradually thinned,intestinal glands were loosely arranged,interstitial substance became less,the number of glands per high-fold visual field was decreased,and body metabolism produced no changes.

ObjectiveThis clinical study is aimed to investigate whether levetiracetam (LEV) can improve electrocorticogram (EEG) in epileptic children epilepsy patients with better clinical manifestation but abnormal EEG findings.MethodsTotally 39 children from our neurological clinic with partial or complex partial epilepsy seizure were included in present study and assigned equally into three groups receiving different treatment:control group,sodium valproate (VPA) group,and LEV group.Their clinical symptoms had been controlled for over one year by carbamazepine ( CBZ),but EEG results showed clearly abnormal.Epileptiform discharges were observed in routine EEG exams half a month before recruiting.After recruiting,they continued to receive CBZ alone (control group) or co-treated with VPA ( VPA group) or LEV (LEVgroup),respectively.Six months later,EEG was taken again and results were analyzed.ResultsImprovement rate were 9.1％ ( control group),23.1％ ( VPA group),and 66.7％ (LEV group),respectively;Overall statistical difference was reached among three groups ( P＜0.01 ) and between control group and LEV group( P＜0.012 5 ),but no statistical difference between control group and VPA group was reached ( P＞0.0125).ConclusionCo-treatment of LEV in child epilepsy patients receiving CBZ can significantly decrease abnormal EEG discharge frequency during interictal period.

Patients in the immune tolerance stage of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are in a state of high viral replication and low inflammation in the liver, and they often have no disease progression. Therefore, antiviral therapy is not recommended in related guidelines. Recent studies have found that the patients in the immune tolerance stage have immune response and liver injury, which is a risk factor for liver cancer, and therefore, antiviral therapy should be actively initiated to prevent disease progression. This article summarizes the research advances in the diagnosis and treatment of patients in the immune tolerance stage of chronic HBV infection and points out that there are still controversies over the application of antiviral therapy in such patients. Appropriate timing of antiviral therapy has a great significance in improving patients’ prognosis and reducing their economic burden.

Patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with immune control generally have no or little liver damage, with a low incidence rate of adverse events, and spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance may occur in some patients. Most scholars do not recommend antiviral therapy for such patients in China and foreign countries. However, with the gradual aging of chronic HBV infection, patients with immune control are also faced with disease progression and the development of liver cirrhosis or liver cancer. This article introduces the clinical significance of appropriate timing of antiviral therapy for the prognosis of patients with chronic HBV infection with immune control.