Objective To investigate the effect of Zingiber corallinum oil ( ZCO ) on apoptosis and proliferation of cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa. Methods HeLa cells were treated with different concentrations of ZCO(5-80 mg·L-1)in vitro. Cytotoxicity rate was determined by CCK-8 assay. The morphological changes was observed using inverted microscope after AO/EB staining. Caspase-3 activities were measured with a colorimetric method. Protein level of hsp-70 were detected by Western blotting. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometer ( FCM ) . Results ZCO exhibited effect of proliferation inhibition and apoptosis-inducing on the growth of HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner. Caspase-3 activities increased in a dose-dependent manner while the expression of hsp-70 decreased. Cell cycle was arrested in G2/M phase. Conclusion ZCO exhibites a marked effect of proliferation inhibition and apoptosis-inducing on HeLa cells. The mechanism of ZCO might be activating the key enzyme in apoptotic pathway, so that the expression of hsp-70 is down-regulated, and cell cycle is arrested in G2/M phase.

Objective To summarize the common types and clinical characteristics of ureter disease;which can increase manipulation difficulties and adverse events during rigid ureteroscopic procedures. Methods From Jan 2001 to Dec 2010,our team performed 317 rigid ureteroscopic Drocedures for ureteroscopic examination or treatment;including 60 difficult procedures(34 male and 26 female).The mean age of the patients was 37 years (range,18 to 71).The ureteral diseases were classifted into five types according to the pathological characteristics:Type Ⅰ calculous stenosis,Type Ⅱ neoplastic stenosis;Type Ⅲ non-congenital stenosis,Type Ⅳ congenital stenosis,Type Ⅴ expansion of tortuous ureters.The operative time,complications,and conversion to open surgery were evaluated,and the therapeutic methods were analyzed. Results Of the 60 difficuhly-manipulated procedures,the mean manipulated time was 75 min (range,31 to 200).Intra-operative complications occurred in 9 procedures,including 4 cases of mucosal bleeding,2 cases of submucosaI false passage and 3 cases of ureteral perforation.Eleven procedures were converted to open surgery. In five procedures only a double J tube was inserted for drainage due to the difficulty of entering the ureter.Fiftyfive patients were followed up for 17 months (range,3 to 110);48 patients were cured,5 patients improved and 2 patients were unchanged. Conclusions The five types of ureteral disease can increase operative difficulties and risks of rigid ureteroscopic procedures.We should be cautious during surgery and should stop manipulation or convert to other surgeries if necessary.

Objective To evaluate the risk factors of septic shock after mini-percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (mPCNL). Methods Clinical data of 1 590 cases who underwent mPCNL from January 2013 to December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The x2 test and logistic regression were used to identify the key risk factors for septic shock after mPCNL. Results Of the 1 590 patients, 18 patients suffered septic shock, including 6 male patients and 12 fe﹣male patients. Their mean age was (45.6 ± 13.5) years (28 ~ 69 years). White cell in urine was 100 percent, the stone diameter ranged from 1.5 to 5.0 cm, unichannel for 15 cases while multichannel for 3 cases, the operation du﹣ration ranged from 45 to 200 min, mean (87.0 ± 56.0) min. 2 in 18 cases died in multiple organ failure, the others recovered till discharged. In x2 test, female gender (P = 0.001), (+++ ~ ++++) white cells in urine (P= 0.042), un-preoperative nephrostomy drainage (P=0.041) had significant association with septic shock after mPCNL. While in multivariate analysis, female gender ( O? = 5.471, 95 % CI: 0.756~21.452, P< 0.05) and un-preoperative nephrostomy drainage (O? =3.106, 95%CI:1.283~7.907, P<0.05) were identified as independent risk factors for septic shock after mPCNL. Conclusions Female gender and un-preoperative nephrostomy drainage are the key risk factors for septic shock after mPCNL.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the methods in treatment of upper urinary calculi in a low-head lithotomy with right or left lateral tilt by an ureteroscopy approach. Methods From September 2009 to May 2015, 110 patients with upper ureteral calculi (after failed ESWL) were underwent holmium laser lithotripsy by a ureteroscopy approach in a low-head lithotomy with right or left lateral tilt. Their clinical data and complications were analyzed retrospectively. Results Surgical effect of patients was satisfied with the success of gravel 91 patients, with a total rate of 82.7 %gravel. Conclusion Low-head lithotomy with right or left lateral tilt is a good body position to perform ureteroscopic lithotripsy for upper ureteral calculi. It is safe and effective.

No abstract available.
Beverages ; Constipation ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological features,diagnosis,differential diagnosis and prognosis of renal collecting duct carcinoma (CDC).Methods The clinical data of 3 patients with renal collecting duct carcinoma,during the period from January 2015 to November 2017,were retrospectively analyzed.3 patients were male with age ranged from 42 to 73 years old,mean of 57.5 years.Two lesions were located in the right kidney and one in the left kidney.Clinical manifestations were hematuria,abdominal mass and waist and abdomen pain.No laboratorial abnormality was found.CT examination showed the tumor diameter ranged from 3.1 to 5.1 cm,mean 3.9 cm.The tumors located in the medullary and renal pelvis with low density or mixed density.Those tumors extended to the peripheral of the kidney,which the boundary was unclear.During enhancement CT,the uneven enhancement effect could be observed.Radical nepheroectomy was performed in all patients.Results Postoperative pathological examination showed surface of incision was gray.The texture of tumor was hard.The invasive growth pattern could be noticed.Under the microscope,the tumors had small ducts and papillary structures of tubules with interstitial fibrosis and some sarcomatous differentiation.Immunohistochemical staining showed strong positive expression of vimentin,CK-L,CKpan and P504S,and positive expression of PAX-2,CK7 and EMA in different degrees.RCC,KSP,CD10,CD117,MOC-31 and TFE3 were all negative.All 3 cases were followed up from 1 to 15 months with an average of 6 months.One case was treated with chemotherapy because of extensive metastases after surgery.Chemotherapy was performed by dissolving 1 500 mg of fluorouracil in 1 000 ml of 5％ normal saline and instillation.It was administered once every 10-12 hours and once a day for 5 days in one cycle.However,the outcome was poor.1 patient died of tumor metastasis and recurrence 7 months after surgery.1 patient had no tumor remaining after surgery.Conclusions CDC is a very rare malignant epithelial neoplasm in kidney.It has obvious clinical symptoms,strong invasive pattern and poor prognosis.Imaging and ultrasonography only play an auxiliary role in diagnosis.CDC's unique histopathology is the main basis of diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

Male primary adenocarcinoma of urethra is rare clinically. A patient with primary adenocarcinoma of posterior urethra complicated with intestinal metaplasia was admitted and underwent urethral mass resection. The tumor recurred 3 months after surgery and no further treatment was given for personal reasons. The purpose of this report is to improve clinicians' understanding of urethral cancer, so that patients can undergo more accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Objective: To assess value of immediate postoperative intravesical instillation of pirarubicin after transurethral resection (TURBT)of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Methods: 484 patients diagnosed with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University were divided into two groups after transurethral resection of bladder tumor. 285 patients received postoperative intravesical instillation of pirarubicin within 6 hours after the surgery, 199 patients received first instillation of pirarubicin at 10 days after the surgery, after that, all the patients received routine bladder perfusion chemotherapy. Patients who received intravesical instillation of pirarubicin within 6 hours were defined as immediate intravesical instillation group and the other patients as the control group. Based on the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer risk tables, scores of recurrence and progression of patients were calculated and then stratified into risk groups accordingly. Recurrence and progression rates of the immediate intravesical instillation group were analyzed and then compared with the corresponding reference of the risk tables. Results: The 1-year and 5-year recurrence rate of patients with EORTC table scoring 0 in the immediate intravesical instillation group were significantly lower than that of the EORTC reference group (5.3% and 14.0% vs 15.0% and 31.0%, P<0.05). 1-year recurrence free rate between the immediate intravesical instillation group and the control group in patients scoring 1-4 was significantly different (81.3% vs 76.7%, P=0.014). However, 1-year recurrence free rate of the immediate intravesical instillation group was comparable with that of the control group in patients scoring 5-9, 10-17(P>0.05), which is quite close to the EORTC reference. The probability rates of 1-year and 5-year progression of the 285 patients who received immediate intravesical instillation group did not show significant difference with the EORTC reference. On multivariate analysis, previous recurrence, tumor grade G2-3, tumor multiplicity, delay of immediate intravesical instillation were independent risk factors of recurrence(P<0.05). Conclusions With the help of EORTC recurrence risk table stratifying the patients into different risk groups, our study showed that delay of immediate postoperative intravesical instillation of chemotherapy after TURBT was an independent risk factor of post-surgery recurrence of tumor. Moreover, patients with EORTC scoring 1-4 might obtain greatest benefits.

OBJECTIVE：To investigate the intervention effect of Shenfu i njection（SFI）on the nuclear translocation of high mobility group box 1（HMGB1） in lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced RAW 264.7 cells. METHODS ： Using LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells as objects ，the histone deacetylase inhibitor RGFP 966 as positive control ，CCK-8 assay was used to screen drug dosage，and the effects of low ，medium and high doses （3，6，12 μL/mL）of SFI on HMGB 1 nuclear translocation in RAW 264.7 cells were observed by immunofluorescence method ；mRNA expression of HMGB 1 in RAW 264.7 cells were detected by real time fluorescent PCR. Western blotting assay was used to determine protein expression of HMGB 1 and Toll-like receptor 4（TLR4）；the expression of HMGB 1 were compared between nucleus and cytoplasm. The levels of HMGB 1，IL-1β and TNF-α in supernatant of cells were detected by ELISA. RESULTS ：In blank control group ，HMGB1 was mainly located in the nucleus ；after LPS induction， HMGB1 migrated from nucleus to cytoplasm. Compared with blank control group ， mRNA and protein （No.81760738） expression of HMGB 1， protein expression of TLR 4 in RAW264.7 cells as well as the levels of HMGB 1，IL-1β and TNF-α in supernatant of cells were increased significantly in LPS group （P＜0.01）. The protein expression of HMGB 1 was decreased significantly in nucleus while was in creased significantly in cytoplasm （P＜0.01）. After SFI treatment ，the nuclear translocation and secretion of HMGB 1 were inhibited in different degrees ；compared with LPS group ，mRNA and protein expression of HMGB 1 in administration groups ，protein expression of TLR 4 in RAW 264.7 cells of positive control group ，SFI medium- and high-dose groups as well as the levels of HMGB 1，IL-1β and TNF-α in supernatant of cells in administration groups were decreased significantly （P＜0.01）. In positive control group ，SFI medium- and high-dose groups ，the protein expressions of HMGB1 in nucleus were increased significantly ，while protein expressions of HMGB 1 in cytoplasm were decreased significantly （P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS ：SFI may inhibit the nuclear translocation and secretion of HMGB 1 in RAW 264.7 cells，thus avoiding the activation of inflammatory pathways and the production of inflammatory factors ，so as to reduce the inflammatory response induced by LPS.

OBJECTIVE： To study the improvement and anti-inflammation mechanism of Shenfu injection on lung tissue of endotoxin shock model rats. METHODS： Totally 48 rats were randomized into control group，model group，dexamethasone group （positive control，1 mg/kg） and Shenfu injection low-dose，medium-dose and high-dose groups （5，10，15 mL/kg），with 8 rats in each group. Except for normal group， other groups were given intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide （LPS） to induce endotoxin shock model. After modeling， each group was given relevant medicine once intraperitoneally. 24 h after medication， HE staining was used to observe pathological changes of lung tissue in rats and pathological scoring was conducted. RT-PCR was used to determine mRNA levels of P65 and P50 proteins related to NF-κB signaling pathway. Western blot assay was used to determine the expression levels of P65 and P50 proteins in lung tissue， and the expression levels of P65 protein in nucleus and cytoplasm of lung tissue were also determined. The level of TNF-α in plasma in rats were determined by ELISA. RESULTS： Compared with control group， alveolar septum became thicker， obvious vascular engorgement was found， and a large number of neutrophils infiltrated the interstitium in model group. Histopathological score， mRNA and protein expression levels of P65 and P50 in lung tissues were increased significantly （P＜0.01 or P＜0.001）； the protein expression of levels P65 in nucleus and cytoplasm and level of TNF-α in plasma were increased significantly （P＜0.001）. Compared with model group， alveolar structure of rats in dexamethasone group and Shenfu injection medium-dose and high-dose groups was complete， no obvious bleeding was observed， and the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration was improved significantly. Histopathological score， mRNA and protein expression levels of P65 and P50 in lung tissue and level of TNF-α in plasma were decreased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01 or P＜0.001）. The protein expression level of P65 in nucleus and cytoplasm of lung tissue were decreased significantly in dexamethasone group and Shenfu injection low-dose and medium-dose groups were decreased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01 or P＜0.001）. CONCLUSIONS： Shenfu injection can decrease mRNA and protein expression levels of P65 and P50 in lung tissue， level of TNF-α in plasma， and protect lung tissue of endotoxin shock rats.