Objective To investigate and determine the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in different anatomical regions of normal pancreas.Methods A total of 383 volunteers with normal pancreas were included in this study.Single-shot echo planar imaging diffusion weighted imaging (SSEP-DWI; b value =0,500 s/mm2) was employed to determine the ADCs in the head,neck,body and tail parts of the pancreas.Statistical analysis was performed by using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon signed rank tests.Results The ADCs in the head,neck,body and tail parts of the pancreas was (1.52 ± 0.29) × 10-3,( 1.64 ± 0.34) ×10-3,(1.67±0.35) × 10-3,(1.58 ±0.31) × 10-3 mm2/s,the Kruskal-Wallis test results showed a significant difference of mean ADCs among the different anatomical regions (chi square =44.8748,P ＜0.0001 ).Wilcoxon signed rank test results showed the mean ADCs differed remarkably between the head and neck ( P ＜ 0.0001 ),head and body ( P ＜ 0.0001 ),head and tail ( P =0.0008 ),neck and tail (P =0.0062 ),body and tail (P ＜0.0001),respectively.The mean ADCs between the neck and body was not significantly different (P =0.1181 ).Conclusions The mean ADC values of normal pancreas vary significantly within different anatomical regions,which can serve as a guide for DW1 and ADC in clinical application and research of pancreatic diseases.

Objective To investigate the effect of gender and age on the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of normal adult pancreas.Methods A total of 383 patients with normal pancreas (290 male,93 female,range from 21 to 78 years of age) were enrolled in this study.The subjects were divided into four groups based on different age (≤40 years,41-50 years,51-60 years and ＞60 years) with patient number of 56,108,139 and 80,respectively.Breath-hold single-shot echo-planar DWI (b value =0,500 s/mm2) was performed to determine ADCs on all patients.The average ADCs was calculated by four ADCs measured from the head to tail part of the pancreas in each patient.Patients with different age or gender were analyzed by independent-samples t test.Effect of gender on ADCs was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test.Relationship between ADCs and age was analyzed using Spearman rank-order correlation test,and Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the ADCs among 4 age groups.Results The median pancreatic ADC values in female group(n =93) [1.60 × 10-3 mm2/s (1.47 × 10-3-1.77 × 10-3) mm2/s] was higher than that in male group (n =290) [1.57 × 10-3mm2/s(1.41 × 10-3-1.74 × 10-3)mm2/s].Mann-Whitney U test results showed the mean ADCs was similar between the two groups (Z =1.335,P =0.182).The age distribution was similar between the male [(52 ± 10) years of age] and female [(51 ± 11) years of age]groups (t =0.267,P=0.790).The age spectrum showed that there was no correlation between the average ADC values and age (r =0.016,P =0.752).The median ADC values of the four age groups were 1.58 ×10-3,1.54 × 10-3,1.59 × 10-3 and 1.57 × 10-3 mm2/s,respectively.Kruskal-Wallis H test showed no significant difference of mean ADCs among the age groups (x2 =2.15,P =0.542).Conclusion There is no correlation of ADCs between age and gender in normal adult pancreas.

ObjectiveTo study the metabolite features of acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) in rats.MethodsA total of 22 Wistar rats were divided into ANP group (n =7 ),CP group (n =6) and the control group (n =9).ANP model was induced peritoneous injection of 20％ Larginine,and the rats were sacrificed 12 hours later.CP model was induced by intravenously injection of DBTC (8 mg/kg body weight),and the rats were sacrificed after 2 months.The rats in the control group received same amount of saline.Serum amylase was determined and pancreatic tissues were pathologically examined.Metabolic changes of pancreatic tissues in vitro were studied by high resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR ),and analyzed by using principal components analysis (PCA).Characteristic metabolites of ANP and CP were compared. Results Compared with the control group,increased leucine,iso-leucine and valine levels were observed in ANP group,however,the opposite trends were observed in CP group.Phosphocholine,glycerophosphocholine,choline levels were increased and fatty acids,lactate,betaine,glycine levels were decreased in both ANP and CP groups.The lipid content in CP group were significantly higher than that in ANP group and the increased taurine was only observed in CP group. Conclusions There were obvious metabolic features in pancreatic tissue in rats with pancreatitis disorders,and the increased taurine could be used as biomarker to discriminate ANP and CP.

Objective:To study the clinical pathologic characteristics and differential diagnosis of rare type carcinoma of the breast. Methods:According to the new World Health Organization Classification of Tumors(2003),42 cases of rare type carcinoma of the breast were studied by clinical data and correlated investigation of pathology.Results: All the slides of the breast carcinoma in our department were reviewed,9 cases of glycogen-rich,clear cell carcinoma,4 cases of mucinous carcinoma,2 cases of tubular carcinoma,18 cases of metaplastic carcinoma,6 cases of apocrine carcinoma,1 case of secretary carcinoma,and 2cases of lipid-rich carcinoma were found.Different histologic type has different appearance in the light microscopy,special staining and electromicroscopy.Conclusion:Definite histological classification of breast carcinoma will be helpful in guiding the clinical treatment and estimating patients' prognosis.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristic of Chinese autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) patients.Methods All clinical data of 81 patients with a diagnosis of AIP in Shanghai Changhai Hospital from February 2005 to May 2012 were analyzed.Results The sex ratio was 7.1∶1 and the mean age was (57± 12) years old in 81 patients with AIP.Obstructive jaundice was the initial symptom in 51.9％ (42/81) patients.In patient receiving CT,focal and diffuse type accounted for 45 and 35 patients.respectively,and pseudocyst was the main manifestation in 1 patient,biliary tract was involved in 59(72.8％ ) patients,dilatation of main pancreatic duct was observed in 5 ( 11.1％ ) patients.In patients receiving PET-CT,diffuse increased Flourine-18 FDG uptake by the pancreas was found in 11 patients,focal increased uptake in 2patients,and significant extra-pancreatic uptake was found in 5 patients.The positive rate of serum IgG4,CA19-9,ss DNA,anti-nuclear antibody and ds-DNA antibody was 94.6％ (53/81),54.4％ (37/68),14.3％ (4/28),10.7％ (3/28),7.1％ (2/28),respectively.The pathological findings of H-E staining and IgG4 immunohistochemical analysis in 20 patients were consistent with lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis.Conclusions Type 1 AIP is the main subtype of AIP in China.Combining clinical symptoms,extra-pancreatic manifestations,imaging or nuclear medicine findings,serology,cytology or histology can effectively increase the correct diagnosis rate of AIP.