Objective To examine the relationship of exposure and potential dose of human exposed to indoor and outdoor air pollutants. Methods The definition and calculation methods of exposure and potential dose were analyzed and compared. Personal exposure and potential dose of formaldehyde and carbon monoxide in indoor and outdoor air were calculated by scenario evaluation approach respectively, and the relationships between exposure and potential dose were analyzed also. Results Potential dose could much better accurately reflect the amount of air pollutants entering human body through respiratory tract than exposure did. Exposures and potential doses of human exposed to formaldehyde and carbon monoxide in indoor and outdoor air were significantly correlated in some cases, but not correlated well in other cases. Conclusion Potential dose might be more accurately linked to health effects of air pollutants than exposure did.

Tolylene Diisocyanate (TDI) is the important industrial material in producing polyurethane dope. In recent years, with the development of fitment, polyurethane product was widely used. During the procedure in production and usage, TDI is dissociated from polyurethane production and will pollute indoor air. TDI is highly volatile and can irritate the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, nose and throat. The most common and most serious response occurs in the lungs. Thus, in many countries, the limit for TDI has been established and put into practice, in China the work for establishing limit for TDI in indoor air has been doing also. The character of TDI and harmfulness to human, the limit for TDI in indoor air in China and in the other countries, the measurements to control TDI pollution were reviewed in the present paper

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical characteristics and genetic etiology for a child with atypical Hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) in conjunct with nephrotic level proteinuria. METHODS: A child patient who had visited the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University on June 25, 2020 was selected as the study subject. Clinical data of the patient was collected. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was carried out for the child, and candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing of the child and his parents. RESULTS: The child, an 8-month-old male, had presented mainly with edema, oliguria, hematuria, nephrotic level proteinuria, anemia, thrombocytopenia, increased creatinine and urea, hypercholesterolemia but normal complement levels. Genetic testing revealed that he has harbored compound heterozygous variants of the DGKE gene, namely c.12_18dupGAGGCGG (p.P7fs*37) and c.1042G>T (p.D348Y), which were respectively inherited from his father and mother. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), the variants were classified as likely pathogenic and variant of uncertain significance, respectively. By combining his clinical manifestations and results of genetic testing, the child was diagnosed with aHUS with nephrotic level proteinuria. CONCLUSION For infants and young children with aHUS in conjunct with nephrotic level proteinuria, variants of the DGKE gene should be screened. Above finding has expanded the mutational spectrum of the DGKE gene.
Infant ; Female ; Humans ; Child ; Male ; Child, Preschool ; Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome/diagnosis* ; Mutation ; Genetic Testing ; Thrombocytopenia/genetics* ; Proteinuria/genetics*

Objective:To investigate Helicobactor pylori (H. pylori) infection status and interfamilial transmission pattern in Zhengzhou area. Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to march 2021, among 731 individual from 266 families randomly selected from 9 communities of Zhengzhou area. H. pylori infection status was determined by serum antibody tests, and 13C-urea breath test was performed in the previously eradicated population to clarify the current infection status. The individual and familial infection rate, infection status for couples and children and adolescent were analyzed. Results:Among 731 individuals from 266 families, 397 of them were H. pylori positive. The individual infection rate was 54.31% (397/731); among infected individuals 77.83% (307/397) were infected with type Ⅰ strain, 22.67% (90/397) were infected by type Ⅱ strain. Annual household income ( χ2=0.419, 0.410, 0.213, all P>0.05), smoking history (χ 2=0.071, P>0.05), drinking history ( χ2=0.071, P>0.05), dining place ( χ2=0.009, P>0.05), gastrointestinal symptoms ( χ2=0.047, P>0.05), family history of gastric disease ( χ2=0.069, P>0.05), and history of gastric cancer ( χ2=0.004, P>0.05) had no significant differences between H. pylori-positive and -negative groups, but the infection rate in individuals with higher education level was lower ( χ2=4.449, P<0.05). The infection rate was significantly higher in≥18 age groups compared with<18 age groups ( χ2=6.531, 23.362, 20.671, 24.244, 37.948, 14.597 and 5.170, all P<0.05). The familial H. pylori infection rate was 87.59% (233/266), and in 61 families all member were infected (26.18%, 61/233). The positive rate was 23.08% (6/26) in 50 families with children under 18 years when both parents were infected. Among 231 coupled families, both couples were infected in 78 families (33.76%), one couple was infected in 113 families (48.92%), and both couples were not infected in 40 (17.32%). With the increase of marriage time, the infection rate of both spouses increased significantly ( χ2=7.775, 12.662, 15.487, all P<0.05). Conclusions:The distribution of H. pylori infection presents a family cluster pattern, and intrafamilial infection is an important transmission rout of H. pylori. The type I strain of H. pylori is the dominate strain in this area.