Objective To study the effect of FK506 pretreatment on endotoxin shock induced by LPS. Methods 155 mice of the Kunming strain were randomly divided into LPS group (n=80) and LPS|FK group (n=75). An endotoxin shock model of mice was reproduced by an intraperitoneal injection of LPS (25ml/kg for each mouse). Beginning from 2 days before the reproduction of the model, each mouse of the LPS+FK group were given 20ml/kg of FK506 q 12 h, by gastric gavage while animals of the LPS group were given an equal amount of 0.9% sodium chloride solution in the same way. The survival time of 20 mice of the LPS group and 15 mice of LPS+FK group was observed. 10 mice of each group were sacrificed at 0,0.5,2,4,6 and 8 hours after the injection of LPS, respectively. Blood samples were collected and serum TNF-? and IL-1?, contents, and activiry of ALT and AST were determined. The ratio of the wet weight and dry weight (W/D) of the lung was calculated, and the histopathology of the lung and the liver was studied. Results The mean survival time was longer and the 72h survival rate in mice of LPS+FK group was higher, but the serum ALT and AST activity and serum TNF-? and IL-1? contents were lower than those of LPS group at each time point. The W/D ratio of the lung in animals of both groups at 4,6 and 8 hours after the injection of LPS was greater than that at 0 hour (P

ObjectiveTo study the effects and feasibility of balloon dilatation on cricopharyngeal achalasia in children with dysphagia. MethodsOne 21-month-old child was reported. ResultsAfter 14 times dilatation therapy, the video fluoroscopic swallowing study showed that the bolus can pass the cricopharyngeus. The residuals in the epiglottis and piriform sinuses reduced. No bucking and aspiration happened and the cricopharygeus muscle relaxed normally. The gastric tube can be removed and the child got full per-oral nutrition. ConclusionBalloon dilatation is effective to relax the cricopharygeus muscle and improve the swallowing function of children with dysphagia because of cricopharyngeal achalasia.

Objective To observe the application of dysphagia ventilation swallowing and speaking valve inchildren with swallowing disorder after tracheostomy.Methods Four children with tracheostomy done and swallowing disorders(3 with brainstem encephalitis caused by hand,foot and mouth disease and 1 post-surgery case of cerebellar astrocytoma)were observed.Videofluoroscopic swallowing studies(VFSS)showed cricopharyngeal achalasia and silent aspiration.After VFSS assessments,ventilation swallowing and speaking valves(Passy-Muir,USA,PMVs)were applied to the 4 children.After that they received comprehensive swallowing trainings including balloon dilatation,breathing exercises,sensory stimulation and electrical stimulation.Results Four children could pronounce with PMVs immediately.After(36.50 ± 35.63)d of comprehensive intervention,all of them could live without tracheostomy tube or nasal feeding tube,their swallowing function improved obviously and could take food per os.Conclusions The application of PMVs combining with swallowing training is effective for children with swallowing disorder and dysphonia after tracheostomy.It is helpful to decrease the risk of aspiration,to open the cricopharyngeus muscle and to restore pronunciation.

Objective To explore the rehabilitation for dysphagia in young patient after tracheotomy and cricopharyngeal achalasia with-out cough reflex. Methods A child was reviewed, who accepted tracheotomy after resection of cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma for dyspha-gia. The features characterized as severe silent aspiration and failure of cricopharyngeus muscle relaxation. Therapies included Passy-Muir valve placement, breathing exercises, balloon dilatation, surface electromyography biofeedback, and electrical stimulation. Results The aspi-ration was observed when she drank thin liquid with weak cough reflex, and disappeared as eating thick liquid and paste food, with complete cricopharyngeus muscle opening, 7 weeks after treatment. She was removed the tracheotomy tube and nasal feeding tube 11 weeks after treatment, and got sufficient nutrition by fully oral intake. Conclusion The application of Passy-Muir valve and comprehensive swallowing training is helpful for patient post tracheotomy with silent aspiration in decreasing the risk of aspiration, improving cough reflex and prompt-ing swallowing function.

ObjectiveTo study the effects and feasibility of Smart Equitest Balance Master training for severe balance disorder caused by cerebellar hemorrhage in children. MethodsA 10-year-old boy with severe ataxia caused by cerebellar hemorrhage were trained with Smart Equitest Balance Master. He was assessed with Smart Equitest Balance Master, Modified Barthel Index and Berg Balance Scale. ResultsAfter 22 weeks of balance training, he improved in equilibrium, gait, posture control, activity of daily living, dysarthria, and return to school to continue his study. ConclusionSmart Equitest Balance Master training can significantly improve balance function，motor function and activities of daily living after cerebellar hemorrhage.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of two different methods of catheter balloon dilatation therapy in treating cricopharyngeal achalasia and benign strictures,and to correlate balloon capacity with improve-ments in swallowing function. Methods Twenty-three cricopharyngeal achalasia patients and 7 with benign stric-tures of the cricopharyngeal muscles were diagnosed using videonuoroscopic swallowing study(VFSS).All cases re-ceived active dilatation or passive balloon dilatation therapy,combined with manipulation,indirect training,direct training and feeding instruction.Efficacy and the correlation were evaluated using VFSS and a swallowing function scale. Results Passive and active dilatation had the same efficacy.The correlation coefficient between balloon ca-pacity and swallowing function was 0.92 1.Re-evaluation using VFSS showed that opening of the cricopharyngeal muscles had improved significantly.Conclusions Balloon catheter dilation is an effective treatment for cricopha-ryngeal achalasia and benign strictures.The improvement in swallowing function is highly correlated with balloon ca-pacity in balloon dilatation therapy.Comprehensive treatment for dysphagia would provide better outcomes.

Objective To explore the effects of modified balloon dilatation therapy for treating upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction after a brainstem stroke.Methods Ten healthy adult volunteers and 20 dysphagic patients with upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction after a brainstem stroke were recruited.The 20 patients were divided into a balloon dilatation therapy group of ten who were treated with catheter balloon dilatation therapy, and a control group of ten who received conventional therapy.All were given block-designed task fMRI scans guided by a matched visual presentation system before and after the treatment.Results Widespread activation was observed in both hemispheres, including the bilateral cerebral cortex, the brainstem and the cerebellum, but the activated areas were significantly smaller in the stroke patients before treatment.After the treatment, seven patients in the balloon dilatation group were totally orally fed, while only three patients in the control group recovered totally oral intake.After dilatation, significantly more regions were activated, including the anterior cingulate, insula, supplementary motor area, precuneus and the frontal lobe.They were activated with relatively low voxels in the treatment group, while in the control group significant activation was observed only in the precuneus after treatment.Conclusion Modified balloon dilatation therapy can increase activation of the cortex and subcortical structures related to swallowing, promoting better swallowing function.

Objective To analyze temporal and kinematic parameters of video fluoroscopic images of swallowing using a digital acquisition and analysis system and to verify the reliability of this method.Methods Eighteen patients with dysphagia were requested to completed six swallows (3 ml and 5 ml of thin liquid, thick liquid, and paste mixed with 600 kg/m3 barium sulfate suspension) in the natural sitting position.Video fluoroscopy was used to measure the oral transit times, soft palate elevation times, hyoid movement times, laryngeal closure times, cricopharyngeal muscle opening times, hyoid anterior movement (HAM) , hyoid superior movement (HSM) , cricopharyngeal muscle opening diameter and pharyngeal constriction rate.Each was extracted from the videos four times by two raters working separately with an interval of 4 weeks between the sets of evaluations.Results Reliability varied among the different observations.HAM and HSM showed inter-rater reliability between 0.41 and 0.60 and intra-rater reliability between 0.61 and 0.80.The other observations all demonstrated acceptable reliability.Conclusion The self-designed digital acquisition and analysis system tested showed acceptable reliability and could be applied to analyze swallowing function clinically.

Objective To investigate the effect of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LTCBDE) in treatment of patients with secondary extrahepatic bile duct stones. Methods Eighty-seven cases of our hospital patients with secondary to extrahepatic bile duct stones were randomly divided into the laparoscopic bile duct exploration and T tube drainage surgery (LCBDE) treatment group and the laparoscopic transcystic duct exploration of common bile duct lithotomy (ltcbde) treatment group. The observation focused on the operation time, bleeding volume , postoperative transfusion , postoperative drainage time , postoperative hospitalization time , cost of hospitalization, postoperative recovery time and complications compared clinical efficacies. Results LTCBDE group of patients in operation time (2.1 ± 0.5) was longer than that of the control group (1.6 ± 0.4), (P <0.001), while the bleeding volume, postoperative fluid volume, postoperative drainage time, postoperative hospitalization time, hospitalization expenses and postoperative recovery time were (17.4 ± 5.4), (6 550.4 ± 1 076.9), (3.5. 1.6), (4.1 ± 1.7), (12 243.5 ± 2 379.6), (11.3 ± 3.5) were lower than that of the group LCBDE (22.1 ± 7.5), (8 304.2 ± 1 394.8), (32.9 ± 10.4), (6.4 ± 2.4), (14 098.1 ± 2 897.3), (16.1 ± 5.7) P, respectively (P values were defined as 0.001, 0, 0, 0.015, 0.001, 0 individually); LTCBDE group of patients with bile leakage, acute peritonitis rates were 1/46,1/46,in which those were lower than the corresponding LCBDE in 6/41, 7/41 (P values were 0.033, 0.016, separately). Conclusion According to indications, LTCBD surgery has the advantages of less injury, less cost, less complications and so on. It has important significance to improve the condition of patients with secondary extrahepatic bile duct stones.

Objective To observe the effect of surface electromyographic biofeedback (sEMG-BFB) combined with routine swallow training on dysphagic patients with cerebral infarction at recovery stage.Methods Fiftyone dysphagic patients with cerebral infarction were randomly divided into two groups:control group (26 cases) and biofeedback training group (25 cases).The control group was given routine training including orofacial function training,balloon dilatation and behavioral swallowing training,while the biofeedback training group was given behavioral swallowing training was conducted with the guidance of sEMG-BFB in addition to the routine training.Before and after the treatment,videofluoroscopy swallowing study (VFSS) was performed to observe the opening of upper esophageal sphincter (UES).Functional oral intake scale (FOIS) was used to evaluate swallow function.Results Before treatment,there were no significant difference between the two groups in terms of FOIS score and UES opening (P ＞0.05).The FOIS score increased in both groups after treatment (P ＜ 0.05),and the FOIS score was higher in the biofeedback training group than that of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,the number of UES complete opening and incomplete opening was 18 and 8,respectively,in the control group,versus 20 and 5,respectively,in the biofeedback training group.UES opening improved in both groups after treatment (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Routine swallowing training combined with sEMG-BFB can benefit the dysphagic patients with cerebral infarction for their UES opening and swallowing ability at recovery stage.