BACKGROUND:Intratubal contraceptive devices are simple and effective, which can cause less interference on female reproductive function and endocrine balance.
OBJECTIVE:To explain the advantages and adverse effects of shape-memory intratubal contraceptive material and other intratubal contraceptive materials.
METHODS:A computer-based search of Wanfang, CNKI and PubMed was performed to search related articles concerning shape-memory intratubal contraceptive material and other intratubal contraceptive materials published from 1996 to 2013.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The main intratubal contraceptive materials include memory metal biomaterials, non-degradable polymer biomaterials, and degradable polymer biomaterials. After implantation, the memory-shape intratubal contraceptive device plays a stimulating role in the tubal epithelium for a short time, but the effect on the mucosal epithelial layer of the fal opian tube is transient. With the increasing time of implantation, inflammatory reactions of the tubal epithelium relieve gradual y with repair of vil i on the tubal wal , indicating there is a reproductive tissue basis of fal opian tube recanalization. Polyethylene materials are characterized as high impact resistance, abrasion resistance, excellent stability to chemical drugs, water absorption, electric insulation, and bioinert, which are used as stent materials of almost al the intrauterine devices. Silicone is characterized as heat resistance, cold resistance, non-toxicity, resistance to biological aging, chemical stability, physical inertia, physical and mechanical properties, and silicone, after implantation into human body, cannot cause foreign body reaction. Polylactic acid has good chemical inertness, biocompatibility and ease of processing, and may be stil present in the body after 5 years of implantation.

To analyze and research the transformation of teaching thoughts,adjustment of professional teachers,renewal of teaching contents and so on,and establish the foundation for the revolution of professional English teaching in medical university under the new situation.

Objective To report a new surgical approach (modified anconeus flap approach) in which the anconeus and part of triceps are reflected in the treatment of distal intercondylar humerus fracture (AO type C).Methods To design the modified anconeus flap approach,the anatomy of the distal tendon of the triceps brachii and the anconeus was studied using 15 cadaveric adult specimens (30 sides).The new surgical approach was compared with the triceps-reflecting anconeus pedicle (TRAP) approach in terms of the area of exposure at the distal humeral articular surface.Furthermore,the new surgical approach was applied in 16 patients who had been treated for intercondylar humerus fracture (AO type C) from May 2005 to May 2013.The clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) and Broberg-Morrey scoring systems.Results The blood supply and innervation of the anconeus was interrupted minimally during incision along the radical edge of triceps tendon.The area of exposure at the distal humeral articular surface provided by the part triceps and anconeus reflecting approach and the medial humerus approach was 42.66％ ± 0.03％ at the elbow flexion from 0° to 50°.This was significantly smnaller than that provided by the TRAP approach (46.11％ ±0.03％) (P ＜0.05).Of the 16 patients,15 obtained complete follow-ups from 6 months to 4 years(average,16.5 months).The mean MEPS at the last follow-up was 90.5 points (range,from 82 to 93 points),with 10 excellent and 4 good cases and one poor case.The Broberg & Morrey score system showed 11 patients with no articular cartilage degeneration (level-0),3 patients with level-1 degeneration,and 2 patients with level-2 degeneration.Conclusion The modified anconeus flap approach proposed in the present study provides clear surgical vision and needs no olecranon osteotomy or olecranon dissection or ablation of the major triceps brachii tendon for intercondylar humerus fractures,thereby leading to early active motion and satisfactory clinical outcomes.

Objective To explore the clinical values of combined detection of serum CA125, CA72-4 and HE4 levels in the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Methods The serum levels of CA125, CA72-4 and HE4 in 111 patients with ovarian cancer, 130 patients with benign ovarian disease and 90 healthy female controls were measured by electrochemical luminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. The diagnostic values of the three markers were analyzed separately and combinedly in ovarian cancer. Results The serum levels of CA125, CA72-4 and HE4 of ovarian cancer patients were significantly higher than those of benign ovarian disease patients and healthy controls(Ps ＜ 0. 01). The positive expression rate of HE4(63.5%) in patients with stage Ⅰ ovarian cancer was significantly higher than that of CA125(55. 8%) and CA72-4 (42. 6%)(Ps ＜ 0. 05) . The combined detection of the three markers may improve the overall accuracy of the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer to 75.8%. The diagnostic sensitivity of serum CA125 was relatively higher in serous cystadenocarcinoma, endometrioid carcinoma and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma; the diagnostic sensitivity of serum CA72-4 was relatively higher in mucinous cystadenocarcinoma and endometrioid carcinoma; the diagnostic sensitivity of serum HE4 was relatively higher in serous cystadenocarcinoma and endometrioid carcinoma. Conclusion CA125 can serve as the first choice of tumor maker in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer, and the combined detection of serum levels of CA125, CA72-4 and HE4 may increase the diagnostic sensitivity of stage Ⅰ ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND:YOUMET cervical dilating rod is made of absorbent polymer materials and has non-toxic side effects, which can avoid cross-infection in one-time use. OBJECTIVE:To observe the clinical effects of YOUMET cervical dilating rod used for cervical orifice dilation before intrauterine device insertion and removal as wel as before artificial abortion operations. METHODS:Totaly 275 female subjects schedule for cervical dilation during intrauterine device insertion and removal operations, and suction abortion for pregnancy within 10 weeks were randomly divided into two groups: 137 were included in observation group in which YOUMET cervical dilating rods were applied and 138 were included in control group in which Gongshuning glue sticks were used. Their cervical softening and dilatation situation, analgesic effect, and combined reactions during operation were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Between the two groups, no statistical significance in general biological characteristics was found; Dilating effects in intrauterine device removing operations during child-bearing period and menopause were better in the observation group than the control group (P < 0.05). Rates of pain during insertion were higher in the observation group than the control group (P < 0.05). Rates of pain during indweling period for both groups were comparatively low, which showed no statistical significance. There was no record related to the application of cervical orifice dilating products in postoperative folow-up visit. Both products were safe with no cervical injury, slow heart rate and drop in blood pressure. YOUMET cervical dilating rod has trustworthy and safe dilating effects, which can remarkably aleviate pain.

OBJECTIVE:To observe clinical efficacy and safety of Mailuoning injection combined with benazepril in the treat-ment of chronic glomerulonephritis. METHODS:130 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis were randomly divided into observa-tion group and control group,with 65 cases in each group. Both groups received rountine treatment as low salt and fat diet. Control group was additionally given Benazepril tablet 10 mg,qd;observation group was additionally given Mailuoning injection 20 ml added into 5% Sodium chloride injection 250 ml,ivgtt,qd,on the basis of control group,20 days of drug withdrawal every 10 days. Both group received 4 months of treatment. Clinical efficacy of 2 groups were observed as well as the levels of BUN,UCr, SCr and 24 h urine protein quantitative (UPE) before and after the treatment. The incidence of ADR was compared between 2 groups. RESULTS:Total effective rate of observation group was 83.1%,which was significantly higher than 67.7% of control group,with statistical significance (P<0.05). There was no statistical significance in BUN,UCr,SCr and 24 h UPE between 2 groups before treatment (P>0.05);those indexes of 2 groups decreased significantly after treatment,and the observation group were lower than the control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). There was no statistical significance in the incidence of ADR between 2 groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Mailuoning injection combined with benazepril is effective for chronic glo-merulonephritis,and can effectively improve renal function with good safety.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy,safety and impact of recombinant human cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA)-4 fusion proteins (rhCTLA-4Ig) on serum human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and CX3CL1 in active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.Methods Forty-four RA patients were treated with rhCTLA-4Ig and placebo.Clinical response was assessed by American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria and disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28).The levels of serum TNF-α and CX3CL1 were determined in 44 RA patients and 20 healthy controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Comparisons between groups were performed by t-test or x2 test.Results At week 12,ACR20,ACR50and ACR70 responses in RA patients with rhCTLA-4Ig were achieved by 95％(20/21 ),76％( 16/21 )and 19％(4/21) respectively,but no patient with placebo achieved ACR20,ACRS0 and ACR70 responses.There were significantly statistical differences in ACR20 and ACR50 responses (x2=39.17,26.69,P＜0.01 ).At week 12,the mean DAS28 in the rhCTLA4Ig group was 3.1±1.3 versus 6.2±1.1 at baseline (P＜0.01).Similarly,health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) improved significantly,declining from 1.4±0.5 at baseline to 0.4±0.5 at week 12 (P＜0.01).However,the mean DAS28 in the placebo group was 5.8±1.2 versus 6.0±0.7 at baseline (P＞0.05),HAQ declined from 1.6±0.4 to 1.6±0.6 (P＞0.05).In addition,there were higher levels of TNF-α and CX3CL1 in the active RA patients than those of the healthy controls (P＜0.01).After 12 weeks therapy,Serum TNF-α and CX3CL1 levels in the rhCTLA-4Ig group decreased significantly (P＜0.01).There weren't decline in the placebo group (P＞0.05).Conclusion This study has shown that rhCTLA-4Ig is very effective in reducing disease activity,improving function during the 12 weeks treatment.rhCTLA-4Ig therapy for 12 weeks can lead to significant decrease of serum TNF-α and CX3CL1.

Objective To investigate the quality of life of patients with hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy, analyze the possible influencing factors, and propose corresponding intervention measures. Methods From October 2017 to February 2018, one hundred patients with gestational hypertension were included in the obstetric wards as subjects. Semi-structure interviews were used to evaluate the quality of life and influencing factors. Results Among the quality of life of patients with hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy, The scores of physiological function (RP), general health (GH), emotional function (RE) and mental health (MH) were lower than the norm, which were (22.45 ± 32.01), (59.40 ± 19.28), (37.07 ± 38.55). ), (65.63 ± 19.72) points, the norm scores were (57.00 ± 19.35), (64.09 ± 14.08), (65.78 ± 22.35), (70.04 ± 16.25) points, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t=-10.687--2.212, both P<0.05 or 0.01). Univariate analysis found that the differences in physical health scores between patients with different places of residence and whether they had received assisted reproductive technology were statistically significant (F=6.860, t=-2.112, P<0.01 or 0.05). The differences in mental health scores between pregnant women, gestational weeks, place of residence, and whether they had received assisted reproductive patients were statistically significant (F=-4.798-3.463,P<0.05 or 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis found that the place of residence was an independent influencing factor of patients' physiological health (P=0.003), and whether or not assisted reproductive technology was an independent influencing factor of patients′ mental health (P=0.005). Conclusion The quality of life of patients with hypertensive disorders during pregnancy is poor, and appropriate interventions should be actively taken to improve the quality of life of patients.

Objective To understand the relationship between MTHFR 677C/T polymorphism and general status of pregnant women and offspring congenital heart disease (CHD).Methods A case-control study was conducted among the biological mothers of 100 infants with CHD and 100 healthy controls to collect the information about their demographic characteristics,general status during pregnancy and awareness of eugenics.Their MTHFR 677C/T polymorphism and serum homocysteine (HCY),folic acid,vitamin B12 levels were detected.Results The differences in MTHFR genotype and allele frequency between the two groups were not statistical significant (x2=1.08,P=0.582;x2=0.53,P=0.468),but the difference in serum HCY between two groups were statistical significant (t=-8.14,P=0.000).Univariate analysis showed that 14 factors had statistical significances (P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that mother's educational level(OR=3.386,95％ CI:1.279-8.961),annual household income (OR =8.699,95％ CI:2.177-34.765),chronic disease prevalence (OR=0.343,95％ CI:0.134-0.881),awareness of eugenics (OR=0.906,95％ CI:0.836-0.981),serum HCY level(OR=1.734,95％CI:1.458-1.986) and abnormal reproductive history(OR=3.710,95％ CI:1.217-11.308) were correlated with offspring CHD.Conclusion There was no correlation between MTHFR 677C/T polymorphism of pregnant women and offspring CHD,but low educational level,low annual household income,abnormal reproductive history,low awareness of eugenics and high serum HCY levels of pregnant women might increase the risk of offspring CHD.

Objective:To evaluate the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in glutamate-induced ferroptosis in PC12 cells.Methods:PC12 cells were divided into 6 groups ( n=21 each) using a random number table method: control group (C group), glutamategroup (Glu group), glutamate+ ERK1/2 over-expression group (Glu+ ERK1/2-OE group), glutamate+ ERK1/2 plasmid empty vector group (Glu+ Vec group), glutamate+ ERK1/2 knockdown group (Glu+ si-ERK1/2 group)and glutamate+ ERK1/2 SiRNA negative control group (Glu+ si-NC group). Cells were treated with glutamate at a final concentration of 6 mmol/L for 72 h in Glu group and with the equal volume of PBS buffer for 72 h in C group. Glu+ ERK1/2-OE group was transfected with ERK1/2 overexpression plasmid, Glu+ Vec group was transfected with plasmid empty vector, and Glu+ si-ERK1/2 group was transfected with ERK1/2 siRNA, Glu+ si-NC group was transfected with siRNA negative control for 48 h, and then glutamate at a final concentration of 6 mmol/L was added and cells were treated for 72 h. The cell viability, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)activity and contents of glutathione (GSH), ferrous ions and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and lipid reactive oxygen species (Lip-ROS) were measured by flow cytometry. Results:Compared with C group, the cell viability, GSH content and MMP were significantly decreased, and the LDH activity, ferrous ions content, MDA content and Lip-ROS levels were increased in Glu group ( P<0.05). Compared with Glu+ Vec group, the cell viability, GSH content and MMP were significantly increased, and the activity of LDH, contents of ferrous ions and MDA, and Lip-ROS levels were decreased in Glu+ ERK1/2-OE group( P<0.05). Compared with Glu+ si-NC group, the cell viability, GSH content and MMP were significantly decreased, and the LDH activity, contents of ferrous ions and MDA, and Lip-ROS level were increased in Glu+ si-ERK1/2 group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:ERK1/2 is involved in glutamate-induced ferroptosis in PC12 cells.