Bone metastasis occurs as a result of a complex pathophysiologic process between host and tumor cells leading to cellular invasion, migration adhesion, and stimulation of osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity. Several sequences occur as a result of osseous metastases and resulting bone pain can lead to significant debilitation. Pain associated with osseous metastasis is thought to be distinct from neuropathic or inflammatory pain. Several mechanisms, such as invasion of tumor cells, spinal cord astrogliosis,and sensitization of nervous system, have been postulated to cause pain. Pharmaceutical therapy of bone pain includes nonsteroidal analgesics and opiates. These drags are associated with side effects, and tolerance to these agents necessitates treatment with other modalities. Bisphosphonates act by inhibiting osteoclast-mediated resorption and have been increasingly used in treatment of painful bone metastasis. While external beam radiation therapy remains the mainstay of pain palliation of solitary lesions, bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals have entered the therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of multiple painful osseous lesions. 32p has been used for over 3 decades in the treatment of multiple osseous metastases. The myelosuppression caused by this agent has led to the development of other bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals, including 89SrCl, and 153Sm-ethylenediaminetetramethylene phosphonic acid (153Sm-EDTMP). 89Sr is a bone-seeking radionuclide, whereas 153Sm-EDTMP is a bone-seeking tetraphosphonate; both have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of painful osseous metastases. While both agents have been shown to have efficacy in the treatment of painful osseous metastases from prostate cancer, they may also have utility in the treatment of painful osseous metastases from breast cancer and perhaps from non-small cell lung cancer. This article illustrates the salient features of these radiopharmaceuticals, including the approved dose, method of administration, and indications for use.

The arteries of the female internal genitalia were studied with transparent, X-ray photogaphyand corrosion method in 40 specimens from fetuses and babies. The uterine artery divides into ascending and descending branches along the lateral border ofthe uterus. The descending branches supply the cervix of the uterus and anastomose with thevaginal artery. The ascending branches ascends along the lateral border of the uterus to the originof the proper ligament of the ovary where it sendes out the fundus, uterine tube and ovarianbranches. In most cases, there is no convolution and without further branching in the remainingtrunk of the ascending branch. The ovarian artery is spiral in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. It is in this region or inthe mesovarium, the ovarian artery divides into 2--3 branches, that is to anastomose with theuterine artery and its ovarian and fimbrian branches of the uterine tube. The most common typeof anastomoses found in the hilum in the ovary and origin of the proper ligament is that theovarian branch of the uterine artery communicates with the ovarian artery. The uterine artery divides into 20-40 straight or convoluted branches in the uterine wall.Branches from the two sides anastomose near the midline of the uterus. The degree of convolutionand the number of branches and anastomoses in the uterine wall increase with age. Both ovarian and uterine artery supply blood to the ovary. There are about 20--30 branchesin the hilum of the ovary. They attain various spiral forms. The most common type of bloodsupply in the uterine tube is that the uterine tube and isthmus branches of the uterine artery anas-tomose with the fimbria branch of the ovarian artery and then send out 20--30 branches to encirclethe uterine tube.

Objective To investigate the awareness of knowledge,attitude and behavior about disinfection and sterilization among clinical health care workers (HCWs).Methods 200 clinical HCWs were investigated randomly by using questionnaires.Results The average awareness rates of knowledge,attitude and behavior about disinfec-tion and sterilization among HCWs were 71 .49%,63.79%,and 86.45% respectively.The awareness rates of knowledge about the expiration dates of sterilized articles,classification of infectious diseases,and biological moni-toring were 49.43%,42.53%,and 23.56%,respectively;HCWs’attitude towards disinfection and sterilization:awareness rate of whether they paid attention to the new technology in specialty of central sterile supply was the lowest (26.44%);86.45% of HCWs thought they could master the aseptic operation technique,correct applica-tion method for sterile apparatus and related items,but easily ignored to check the integrity of aseptic packages and indicators before operation (67.24%).Conclusion The knowledge,attitude and behavior about disinfection and sterilization among HCWs still need to be improved,training on knowledge about disinfection and sterilization among HCWs should be strengthened.

10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.26.011

The lymphatic drainage of the ileocecal region was studied on 40 fetus and infant cadavers through the method of lymphatic injection. The lymphatics of the terminal part of the ileum in most cases ascend to the ileo- colic nodes.Part of these lymphatics lead to the nodes around the cecal or the ileal branches of the ileocolic artery.There is a single case,in which part of these lymphatics end directly in the superior mesenteric nodes. The lymphatics of the appendix mostly run parallel to the appendicular artery and lead to the ileocolic nodes.In some cases 1—2 lymphatics end in the appendicular nodes, and the nodes along the cecal or the ileal branches of the ileocolic artery. The lymphatics of the cecum mostly open into the anterior cecal nodes.Part of these lymphatics end in the ileocolic nodes.It is only in a few cases that 1—2 lymphatics of the cecum run to the posterior cecal nodes or the nodes situated at the cecal branches of the ileocolic artery.

Objective To investigate treatment method for existing and impending benign pathological femoral neck and trochanteric lesions.Methods A retrospective study wad done on 25 patients with benign proximal femur lesions treated between 2002 and 2004.All patients were treated with lesion curettage,cauterization,autografting and/or allografting.Then,dynamic condylar screw (DCS) or hip joint-span external fixator were selected according to the involved area of the lesion of the proximal femur.The duration of follow-up was mean 2.3 years (2-4 years).Results Sound bony union was seen on the radiographs of all patients by 3-6 months after surgery.There found no local recurrence or avascular necrosis of the femoral head,or complications like necrosis,infections or fractures.Function of the patients in the current series was graded excellent,assessed by the validated outcome measures MSTS-87,MSTS-93 and TESS lower extremity.Conclusion DCS or hip joint-span external fixator may be better alternative treatment of benign pathological femoral neck and trochanteric lesions,compared with conventional surgical methods such as simple bone grafting,traction and hip spica cast.

The origin and the course of the thoracic duct and its opening into the vein were studied in 150 cadavers including 15 fetuses and 138 infants. They are classfied into 5 types.1. The normol type of the thoracic duct begins in the abdominal cavity as a single trunk, It ascends along the right side of the aorta and empties into the venous system on the left side at the root of the neck. This type of the duct which is described in the general text book, occurred in 84.67 per cent.2. The two-trunk type of the thoracic duct begins in the abdominal cavity as two trunks and ascends along the each side of the aorta. The two trunks join together at different levels in the thorax forming a single trunk which empties into the venous system on the left side at the root of the neck. This type of the duct occurred in 10.66 per cent.3. The bifurcated-type of the thoracic duct starts in the abdominal cavity as a single trunk and passing cephalad on the right side of the aorta and divides into two branches at the level of the 6th～4th thoracic vertebra, The right branch opens into the venous svstem on the right side and the left branch opens into the venous system on the left side. This type of the duct occurred in 3.33 per cent. The type which ascends along the left side of the aorta was found.4. The right thoracic duct begins in the abdominal cavity as a single trunk and runs its entire course along the left side of the aorta. The termination opens into the right jugular venous angle. This type of the duct occurred in 0.67 per cent.5. The left thoracic duct begins in the abdominal cavity as a single trunk and ascends along the left side of the aorta. It empties into the left jugular venous angle. This type of the duct occurred in 0.67 per cent.

Objective To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) during hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in human renal tubular epithelial cells.Methods Human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) cultured in vitro were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =24 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),dexmedetomidine group (group DEX),H/R group and H/R+ dexmedetomidine group (group H/R + DEX).In group C,the cells were incubated for 28 h in an incubator filled with normoxia at 37 ℃.In group DEX,dexmedetomidine 0.1 nmol/L (final concentration) was added to the culture medium and the cells were incubated for 2 h,and then incubated for 28 h in an incubator filled with normoxia at 37 ℃.In group H/R,the cells were incubated in an anaerobic chamber for 24 h at 37 ℃,and then incubated for 4 h in an incubator filled with normoxia at 37 ℃.In group H/R + DEX,the cells were incubated for 2 h in the culture medium containing dexmedetomidine 0.1 nmol/L (final concentration),incubated in an anaerobic chamber for 24 h at 37 ℃,and then incubated for 4 h in an incubator filled with normoxia at 37 ℃.After treatment in each group,the cell viability was measured by MTT assay,cell apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry,the expression of HIF-1α mRNA was detected using RT-PCR,the expression of HIF-1α and activated caspase-3 protein was detected by Western blot,and the cell growth was observed.The apoptosis rate was calculated.Results Compared with group C,the cell viability was significantly decreased,the apoptosis rate was increased,and the expression of HIF-1α mRNA and protein and activated caspase-3 protein was up-regulated in H/.R and H/R + DEX groups,and no significant change was found in group DEX.Compared with group H/R,the cell viability was significantly increased,the apoptosis rate was decreased,the expression of HIF-1α mRNA and protein was up-regulated,the expression of activated caspase-3 protein was down-regulated,and the cell status was significantly improved in group H/R + DEX.Conclusion The mechanism by which dexmedetomidine attenuates H/ R-induced damage to human renal tubular epithelial cells may be related to up-regulated expression of HIF-1 α and inhibited cell apoptosis.

Objective To investigate the effect of L-carnitine on the apoptosis in Schwann cells induced by high glucose.Methods The cell line RSC96 cultured in vitro were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 1.5 × 104/ml (200 μl/well) or in 6-well plates at a density of 2 × 105/ml (2 ml/well) and cultured for 24 h.The cells were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =24 each) using a random number table:normal control group (group C),high glucose group (group H),high glucose + L-carnitine group (group H + L),and mannitol osmotic control group (group M).The cells in group C were incubated in the plain culture medium containing normal glucose (5.6 mmol/L).The cells were incubated in the medium containing glucose 50 mmol/L in group H or in the medium containing glucose 50 mmol/L and L-carnitine 50 μmol/L (final concentration) in group H + L.The cells were incubated in the medium containing normal glucose (5.6 mtmol/L) and mannitol 44.4 mmol/L in group M.At 48 h of incubation,cell growth conditions were observed under inverted microscope,superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured by xanthine oxidase method,malondialdehyde (MDA) content was measured by thiobarbituric acid test,cell viability was measured by MTT assay and cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry.The expression of activated caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) protein was detected by Western blot.Results Compared with group C,the cell viability and SOD activity were significantly decreased,MDA content and apoptotic rate were increased,and the expression of activated caspase-3 and PARP-1 protein was up-regulated in H and H + L groups,and no significant changes were found in group M.Compared with group H,the cell viability and SOD activity were significantly increased,MDA content and apoptotic rate were decreased,and the expression of activated caspase-3 and PARP-1 protein was down-regulated in group H + L.Conclusion L-camitine can attenuate high glucose-induced apoptosis in Schwann cells by inhibiting oxidative stress responses and down-regulating the expression of activated caspase-3 and PARP-1.

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease, periph-eral vascular disease and atherosclerosis, are the first cause of death worldwide. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is a complex process that involves a number of cellular processes and molecular mecha-nisms, such as disorder of lipid metabolism, inflammatory cell infiltration, oxidative stress, vascular en-dothelial cells injury and activation of smooth muscle cells. Their interaction eventually leads to plaque rupture and thrombus formation, causing serious cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Chinese medicine has displayed rich anti-AS activities and clinical applications. This review summarizes the anti-atherosclerosis effects and possible mechanisms of Chinese medicine in regulating lipid metabolism, anti-inflammation and antioxidation, protecting endothelial cells, inhibiting the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells, improving coagulation and fibrinolysis systems and stabilizing the plaque.