Matrix metalloproteinases are the important enzymes in the metabolic process of extracellular matrix,participate in the process of physiology and pathology,play a major role in many nosogenesises,the meanings are significant.This article is an overview about matrix metalloproteinases in the many diseases of colon.

Objective To investigate the effect of endoscopic treatment of delayed hemorrhage after endoscopic sphincterotomy.Methods Retrospectively analyzed the data of 2 638 patients who underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy.There were 26 patients who delayed hemorrhage after endoscopic sphincterotomy.All the 26 patients underwent duodenoscopy,and endoscopic treatment was underwent for the patients who had active bleeding.Results There were 21 patients had active bleeding,and the other 5 cases had no bleeding.There were 12 patients with capillary hemorrhage and 9 cases with petechial hemorrhage.In the 12 patients with capillary hemorrhage,9 patients had been sprayed tissue glue,and 3 patients had been local injected with 1 10 000 noradrenalin.In the 9 patients with petechial hemorrhage,5 patients were treated with titanium clip,and 4 patients were treated with argon ion.All the 21 patients were crued,and no patient was operated and no patient died.Conclusion There are few patients who delayed hemorrhage after endoscopic sphincterotomy.Tissue glue sprayed,local injection,argon ion and titanium clip can cure the bleeding.

The establishment of a scientific and reasonable medical service price dynamic adjustment mechanism is the focus of the current reform of public hospitals in China.This paper analyzed the medical service price reform history in the United States, the price dynamic adjustment of the main body and its process, as well as the development trend of medical service price reform.At the same time, the existing problems of medical service price adjustment in China were briefly analyzed, and put forward 1) the establishment of multi-participant dynamic adjustment model;2) the establishment of the medical service standard value system, strengthening Medicare payment standard construction;3) and gradually changing the current fee-for-service payment system and establishing DRGs and performance based payment mechanism and other policy recommendations.

According to the target-model of the health care system and characteristics of the health financing system,it is proposed in the paper that the charges of medical services should be the main revenue of public hospital compensation.Efforts should be made to adjust health care service prices and strengthen pharmaceutical management simultaneously so as to rebuild the structure of medical service charge.Medical insurance should make the majority in the compensation to cover most the medical expenses,with government subsidies supporting development.Both government financial investment and medical insurance should join their efforts for planning-guidance and performance-guidance.The authors also suggested to improve a graded and normative diagnoses and treatment system,regulate medical behaviors of public hospitals and their cost standards,justifying the total compensation and standard verification of such hospitals.

The paper summarized the explorations of public hospital pilots in the compensation mechanism and identified the following findings.For example,by means of fiscal support of public hospital infrastructure and development spending,cancellation of drug markup,higher service prices, and reformed payment mode of medical insurance,these hospitals have made initial changes at their business operating mechanism, motivation-guidance of compensation, and their makeup of medical revenue.In addition,such hospitals are found with lower cost of medical care per visit,and higher income of medical workers.The authors also pointed out such problems as inflated drug pricing and expenses,lack of scientific pricing mechanism for medical services,vague definition of policy-related losses,and old-fashioned practice of government investment and health insurance payment.Based on such findings,the paper advised to adjust health care prices by stages and to improve the management of health insurance and the coherence of compensation mechanism.

Objective To investigate the biological characteristics of neural stem cells from the striatum of human embryos. Methods Neural stem cells were isolated from the striatum of 16-20 weeks human embryos.These cells were cultured to proliferate and then differentiate without mitogens or inductive factors.At various time points the progeny of neural stem cells differentiation were analyzed.Using immunocytochemistry stainings,the biological characteristics of neural stem cells were examined. Results Neural stem cells in the striatum of 16-20 weeks human embryos proliferated rapidly in vitro within the first one month of culture at an average doubling time of 3-4 days.Upon mitogen withdrawal,the differentiation of neural stem cells to neurons exceeded 50%.After 8 weeks in culture,however,the proliferation speed of neural stem cells lowered significantly.The proportion of neurons induced by mitogen removal was under 20%.There were about 20% of cells within neurosphere continue to divide.Conclusion The proliferation and self-renewal ability of neural stem cells in the striatum of 16-20 weeks human embryo is robust.In vitro,the rate of proliferation went down with time,and the ability of differentiation to multiple neural cells varied.The different mitogen factors in media have different effects on neural stem cell.Within neurospheres,neural stem cells are not homogenous,as only a portion of cells can divide.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of glucocorticoid in initial treatment of sudden hearing loss with intratympanic (IT) and systemic ways. METHOD: We searched the database of PubMed, Cochrane, Embase,CBM, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang systematically. Literatures were screened according to the preestablished inclusion and exclusion standards,and all the RCT literatures associated with intratympanic and systemic glucocorticoid in the initial treatment of sudden hearing loss before may 2015 were collected. All the data, which meet the inclusion standards, were analyzed by using Meta-analysis software. RESULT: Among all the qualified literatures, 11 randomized controlled trials were included. A total of 1298 cases were involved, including 521 cases with intratympanic administration, 410 with IV-therapy, and 201 with oral therapy. Meta analysis results showed that there was significant difference of the total effective rate and improvement rate between the intratympanic and systemic administration. Intratympanic injection (P > 0.05) was more effective than systemic administration. There was no significant difference between intratympanic group and oral group (RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.92-1.42, P > 0.05). A significant difference of the effective rate occurred between intratympanic group and IV therapy group (RR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.02-1.34, P < 0.05). The major complications of intratympanic were pain, dizziness/vertigo, which occurred more frequently than systemic therapy group; The major complications of systemic therapy group were hyperglycaemia, loss of appetite and insomnia. CONCLUSION This study shows that the intratympanic (IT) glucocorticoid for sudden deafness is more effective than the systemic administration. But it was not the first choice in clinical treatment. Further studies are warranted.
Administration, Oral ; Glucocorticoids ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Hearing Loss, Sudden ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Injection, Intratympanic ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Steroids ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome

A method for simultaneous determination of 20 Perfluorinated alkyl substances ( PFAS) in animal liver using QuEChERs and HPLC_MS/MS technique was developed. The samples were extracted with 0. 1%hydrochloric acetonitrile and cleaned up with C18 , N_Propylethylendiamine ( PSA ) and graphitized carbon blacks ( GCB ) . The analytes were separated by a reversed phase C18 column and gradiently eluted with a mixed solution of 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate methanol and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate. The samples were quantified using isotope internal standard and external standard with the matrix matched standard calibration curve method. Good linearity was obtained for all the 20 PFAS at the concentration of 0. 1-10 μg/L with the linear correlation coefficients more than 0. 9995. The limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantification ( LOQ) for PFAS were 0. 05-0. 2 μg/kg and 0. 4-0. 5 μg/kg, respectively. The recoveries at three different concentration levels ( 0 . 5 , 2 and 5 μg/kg ) were in the range of 70 . 3% -108 . 1%. The repeatability expressed as relative standard deviations (RSD) was ranged from 2. 1% to 11. 9% (n=6).

Objective To explore the effects of estrogen on oxidative stress of the lung tissue induced by acute paraquat (PQ) poisoning. Methods Thirty-two male adult New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into model group and estrogen intervention group, 16 rabbits in each group. The model of lung injury induced by PQ poisoning was reproduced by feeding 16 mg/kg of 20% PQ through gastric tube. The rabbits in estrogen intervention group received intravenous infusion of 5 mg/kg estrogen after PQ challenge for 7 days, and the rabbits in model group received an equal volume of normal saline. Three rabbits in each group were sacrificed at 1, 2 and 3 days respectively after exposure. The lung tissue was harvested, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA), malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined by thiobarbituric acid (TBA), the mRNA expression of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and adenosine triphosphatase (ATP) content in mitochondrion was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The pathological changes in lung were observed under light microscopy using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and the lung injury was evaluated with lung injury score. Results The contents of ROS and MDA in lung within 3 days after PQ poisoning were gradually increased, and MnSOD mRNA expression and ATP content were gradually decreased. Estrogen intervention could significantly reduce the production of ROS and MDA after PQ poisoning [3-day ROS (fluorescence intensity): 161.05±30.04 vs. 188.30±31.80, 3-day MDA (mmol/L): 98.71±0.92 vs. 122.12±1.24], up-regulate MnSOD mRNA expression (integral A value: 3.05±0.90 vs. 1.22±0.24), and increase ATP content in mitochondrion (ng/L: 3.75±0.92 vs. 2.28±0.29) with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.01). In lung tissue after PQ poisoning, congestion, edema, focal pulmonary consolidation, pulmonary interstitial and alveolar space were infiltrated by a large number of neutrophil, alveolar interval were thickened obviously and the above phenomenon were most serious at 3 days after poisoning as shown under optical microscope. Estrogen intervention could significantly improve lung injury as compared with that of model group, and the lung injury score at 3 days was significantly lower than that of model group (11.8±0.7 vs. 13.5±1.0, P < 0.01). Conclusions The oxidative stress indicators in the lung tissue after PQ poisoning were obviously abnormal, the pathological damage was serious with time dependence. The administration of estrogen can reduce acute lung injury after PQ poisoning by reducing the oxidative stress.

Cancer stem cells play a crucial role in tumors'invasion, metastasis, recurrence and drug resistance.Investigation on the chemicals with tumor stem cell growth inhibitory activity has been greatly highlighted in the field of anti-tumor drug discovery.This paper briefly reviews the recent progress of chemical investigations on substances with tumor stem cell growth inhibitory activity , aiming to give readers a reference on anti-tumor drug discovery.