Objective To understand the current situation and development trend of scientific research in health-care-associated infection (HAI)management in China since 1986,and provide the basis for improving the research ability of HAI management.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted in 170 hospitals of 13 provinces and military systems in China through multi-stage stratified sampling method,surveyed content included publication of papers written by HAI management professionals,publication of HAI-related books,application of scientific re-search projects and awards of scientific research.Results Of 170 hospitals,63 were secondary hospitals,and 107 were tertiary hospitals.During the period of 1986-2015,the professionals of HAI management have published 2 596 papers,2 555 were in Chinese,41 were in English.105 and 2 491 papers were written by professionals in sec-ondary hospitals and tertiary hospitals respectively.The number of published papers written by professionals in ter-tiary hospitals increased significantly after 2011.In 1986 - 2015,a total of 68 books on HAI management were written by investigated hospitals,35 (51.47%)of which were written in 2011 -2015.A total of 217 HAI-related research projects were applied in 1986-2015,213 (98.16%)were applied by tertiary hospitals.Most research pro-jects were applied after 2011,accounting for 57.60%(n= 125).Conclusion Scientific research on HAI manage-ment in China has entered a stage of rapid development,more and more HAI professionals begin to engage in re-search work.

Objective To investigate the direct economic loss of nosocomial infection at a tertiary hospital, so as to provide data support for the improvement of hospital infection control. Methods Inpatients discharged in 2013-2015 period were divided into two groups at a 1:1 pairing ratio, having those suffering from nosocomial infection in only one occasion as the infection group, and those without as the non-infection group. The two groups were compared of their differences in days of stay and hospitalization expenses. Results The days of stay of the infection group were significantly longer than the non-infection group, averaging 6 days longer in terms of the median. Compared with the non-infection group, the total hospitalization cost and the differences with sub-categories other than the treatment cost were of significance. The costs over the non-infection group were mostly contributed by drugs, accounting for 50. 39%, while 23. 50% of which were spent on antibiotics. The additional antibiotics costs were mainly incurred by respiratory tract infections during hospitalization, as the costs of antimicrobial agents for the infection group were 27. 34 times that of the non-infection group. The second contributor was surgical site infection, with the cost of antibiotics 7. 63 times that of the non-infection group. Conclusions Hospital infections prolong the days of stay, increase direct economic loss, especially increase the cost of antibiotics. Prevention and control of respiratory system and surgical site infection can effectively reduce the direct economic loss of hospital infection.

Objective To study the effect and nursing of Mayinglong musk hemorrhoids ointment on anus periderm skin damage of fecal incontinence patients. Methods Thirty-one patients with fecal incontinence-induced anus periderm skin damage from March 2012 to February 2013 in the hospital were set as the control group and another 32 patients with the same disease from March 2013 to January 2014 as the observation group. The anus periderm skin damage of the observation group was treated with Mayinglong musk hemorrhoids ointment 3 to 4 times a day. The anus periderm skin damage of the control group were treated with zinc oxide ointment, 3 to 4 times a day. Both groups used ostomy. The two groups were compared in terms of total effective rate in a month. Result The total effective rate of the observation group was 93.8% and the control group was 71.0%, with significant difference between the groups (P<0.05). Conclusions Mayinglong musk hemorrhoids ointment can be more effective in the treatment of fecal incontinence caused by anus periderm skin damage than zinc oxide ointment. It can improve the effect of treatment and reduce local wound pain. It is convenient to use, cheap and thus worthy of clinical popularization and application.

ObjectiveTo assess cost-effectiveness of pramipexole and levodopa/benseraside in the hospitalized Parkinson's disease (PD) patient.Methods81 PD patients were divided into group A(levodopa/benserazide group) and group B( pramipexole combined with levodopa/benserazide group) according to different pharmacotherapy.The curative effects and costs of hospitalized PD patients were evaluated.The curative effects were evaluated by unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS).ResultsThere were 44 patients in group A and 37 patients in group B.Although B group in drug costs and treatment costs were increased more significantly than A group ( P ＜0.01),but declined markedly UPDRS after treatment ( P ＜ 0.05 ) than A group.Pramipexole can be applied in all kinds of Hoehn and Yahr states in PD.ConclusionAlthough the combination of pramipexole would increase drug costs and treatment costs,but could improve the clinical symptoms of PD,and can be applied to different stages of PD.It should be individualized recommendation in the Parkinson's patients.

Objective To explore the value of placental alpha-microglobulin-1 in vagina liquid to diagnose premature rupture of membranes. Methods A prospective observational study to initial evaluation included both the standard clinical evaluation for rupture of membranes and placental alpha-microglobulin-1 immunoassay. Rupture of membranes was diagnosed if fluid was seen leaking from the cervical os or if two of the following three conditions were present: pooling of fluid, positive nitrazine test, or feming. Rupture of membranes was diagnosed definitively on review of the medical records after delivery. Results Placental alpha-microglobulin-1 immunoassay confirmed rupture of membranes at initial presentation with a sensitivity of 100% (89/89), specificity of 91% (10/11), positive predictive value of 99% (89/90), and negative predictive value of 100% (10/10),false positive rate of 9% (1/11). Placental alpha-nricroglobulin-1 immunoassay was better than the conventional clinical assessment in confirming the diagnosis of rupture ofmembranes (P<0.01). Conclusion Measurement of placental alpha-microglobulin-1 in cervicovaginal secretions is superior to conventional clinical assessment in the diagnosis of rupture of membranes.

0.05).There was significant difference in the optical density of the 43kDa protein between the patients with OAB and controls(P

Background and purpose: The Writ cell-signaling pathway is the key cellular developmental pathway. Dysregulation of this pathway has been implicated in the initiation and progression of cancer. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is an important tumor suppressor gene of the Writ signaling pathway. The methylation of APC promoter and the accompanying loss of the APC transcript have been shown to occur in a significant proportion of cancers. However, there are few reports on the relationship between cervical cancer and methylation of APC. This study was aimed to investigate the promoter methylation status of the APC genes in cervical cancer and its correlation between clinicopathologic characteristics and the infection of high-risk HPV DNA. Methods: Promoter methylation was evaluated using a MSP (methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction) in 95 cervical cancer tissue specimens and 20 normal controls. The relationship between clinicopathologic parameters and the methylation status was evaluated. Results: The frequencies of promoter methylation of APC in cervical cancer were 56.8%. Cervical cancer had significant higher methylation frequencies than that of the controls (10%, P<0.01). The result showed that the methylation analysis of APC promoter and high-risk HPV DNA testing had good consistency (Kappa=0.348, P<0.001). The promoter methylation of APC was significantly higher in adenocarcinoma (AC) than in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (74.1% vs 50.0%, respectively, P<0.05). The larger tumor size, positive lymph node metastasis and positive HPV DNA exhibited an increased promoter methylation frequency for APC (P<0.05). There were no significant associations between the methylation frequencies for APC gene to age, invasion depth, FIGO stage and histological grade. Conclusion: Our results suggested that the promoter methyiation of APC and high-risk HPV DNA testing had good consistency. APC gene promoter methylation was a frequent epigenetic event in cervical carcinoma and had a significant correlation with cancer pathological types.

Objective:Nerve fibres distribution in the functional layer of endometrium of women with endometdosis was investigated.Methods:Histological sections of endometrial tissue were prepared from endometrialcurettings and hysterectomies performed on women with endometnosis(n=25)and without endometriosis(n=40).Immunohistochemistry was used to detect nerve fibres by highly specific polyclonal rabbit antibody PGP 9.5.The assessment of nerve fibre density was performed bv Image Pro Plus Discovery.Results:Nerve fibres were identified throughout the functional layers of the endometrium in all endometriosis patients,but not found in the functional layer of the endometrium in women without endometriosis(P<0.01).Conclusions:Nerve fibres detectad in the functional layer in all women with endometriosis may have important implications for understanding the generation of pain in these patients.

Objective To evaluate endometrial biopsy and curettage in detecting small nerve fibers in eutopic endometrium for diagnosis of endometriosis.Methods Endometrial biopsies and curettings were taken in 65 women with menorrhalgia.Endometrial nerve fibers were immunohistochemically detected using the pan-neuronal marker PGP 9.5.All patients underwent laparoseopie approach.Results The specificity,sensitivity,positive and negative predictive value were 100% of endometrial biopsy and curettings for diagnosis of endometriosis.Condusions Careful endometrial biopsy combined with immunohistochemical staining for nerve fibers may be a reliable means of diagnosing or excluding endometriosis.

By using immunohistochemistry LSAB method and imaging analysis technique, the expression of α1-antitrypsinase (α1-AT) in 41 cases of bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC) was quantitatively detected to explore the relationship between αl-AT expression in BAC tissues and clinical pathology. The results showed that the total positive rate for αl-AT expression was 85.4%. The positive rate for αl-AT expression in alveolar BAC was 100%, with the immunity reactive staining intensity being significantly higher than in papillary BAC, mucinous BAC or sclerosing BAC (P＜0.05). The positive rate in papillary BAC was 93.3%, with the intensity higher mucinous BAC or sclerosing BAC (P＜0.01); The positive rate in both mucinous BAC and sclerosing BAC was 66.7% (P＞0.05); The expression intensity in lymph node metastatic group was obviously lower than that in the group without metastasis (P＜0.01); The patients with mucinous BAC were diagnosed at a younger age than those with other histologic types of BAC (P＜0.05). It was suggested that BAC cells could also produce αl-AT. Detection of α1-AT could be used as a new method to diagnose BAC and might play a role in assessing BAC metastasis.