Objective:To research the effect of Liuwei Dihuang decoction and its decomposed recipes on gene expression related to thymocyte differentiation in normal mice and SAMP8.Methods:The expression of Notch1,Presenilin1,Presenilin2,HES1 mRNA was detected by quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR assay.Results:After oral administation of Liuwei Dihuang decoction(5,10,20 g/kg),the expressions of Presenilin2 and HES1 gene in thymocytes of normal mice were increased.After oral administation of Liuwei Dihuang decoction(10 g/kg)and SB,SX,the expressions of Presenilin2 and HES1 in thymocytes of normal mice were decreased.Conclusion:It is suggested that Liuwei Dihuang Decoction can increase the Notch signal intensity in the normal mice thymocytes and decrease that in SAMP8,which is immuno-senescenced mice.

Objective:To research the age-related changes of thymocyte subsets and Notch 1,Presenilin 1,Presenilin 2,HES1 mRNA expression in senescence-accelerated mice during aging,and analyze the relation of the two changes.Methods:Thymocyte subsets were assayed by flow cytometry,the expression of Notch 1,Presenilin 1,Presenilin 2,HES1 mRNA was detected by quantitative real-time PCR fluorescence assay.Results:The rate of CD4+CD8+ double-positive(DP) cell of thymocytes was fairly high in first-and second-week-old SAM,and began to decrease at four-week-old,but no significant difference was observed between SAMP8 and SAMR1 of the same age.The rate of CD4+CD8-single-positive(SP) cell of thymocytes in SAM was age-related increased,yet no significant difference was overserved between SAMP8 and SAMR1,except that it was much lower at the eighth week in SAMP8 than in SAMR1.The rate of CD4-CD8+ SP cell of thymocytes in SAM was also age-related increased,but it was obviously higher in SAMP8 than in SAMR1 after the fourth week.The expression of Notch 1,Presenilin 2 and HES1 gene is age-related increased.The Notch 1 gene was higher at each week in SAMP8 than in SAMR1,but presenilin 2 and HES1 were observed higher in SAMP8 than in SAMR1 only after the fourth week.On the contrary,Presenilin 1 gene was age-related decreased,and it was lower in SAMP8 than in SAMR1 after the fourth week.Conclusion:It suggestes that the expression level of Notch 1,Presenilin 2 and HES1 gene positively correlated with the differentiation of CD4-CD8+ SP thymocyte,while presenilin 1 gene evidenced a significant negative correlated with it.

AIM　To investigate the structures and immunomodulation activity of four homogeneous polysaccharides: LBP 1a-1, LBP 1a-2, LBP 3a-1 and LBP 3a-2 isolated from Lycium barbarum L. brought from Zhongning County, Ningxia Province. METHODS　Their molecular weights, sugar component (constituents) and their linkages were determined by gel permeation chromatography, acid hydrolysis, periodate oxidation and NMR spectrum. The activity of immunomodulation was evaluated with splenocyte proliferation by ［3H］-TDR incorperation, in vitro. RESULTS　Four polysaccharides with molecular weights 11.5×104, 9.4×104, 10.3×104 and 8.2×104, were shown to enhance splenocyte proliferation induced by ConA. LBP 1a-1 and LBP 1a-2 were α-(1→6)-D-glucans. LBP 3a-1 and LBP 3a-2 were found to be α-(1→4)-D-polygalacturonans. CONCLUSION　The four polysaccharides were first isolated from this plant. Polysaccharides with main chain of α-(1→4)-D-polygalacturonans showed stronger immunomodulation activity.

Object To isolate the immunoactive polysaccharide from Astragalus mongholicus Bunge and elucidate its chemical structure Methods The polysaccharide was purified from water extracts of A mongholicus by ethanol precipitation, deproteination, selective precipitation with hexadecyltri methylammonium bromide, ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography Its homogeneity and molecular weight were estimated by gel filtration chromatography, the structure was deduced from sugar analysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, IR and 13 CNMR spectrophotometry Results A homogeneous polysaccharide A2Nb was obtained with a molecular mass of 360 000 , and composed of D glucose with a major linkage form of ? D (1→4) glucose Side chains were found at 6 O positions once in every 25 glucose residues Conclusion A high molecular weight glucan A2Nb was obtained from A mongholicus for the first time It showed the ability of promoting the proliferation of the splenocytes of mice

Objective To compare the value of two-dimensional high-frequency ultrasound,a-coustic pulsed radiant force imaging(ARFI)-acoustic palpation tissue quantification(VTQ)technolo-gy,and strain elastography alone and their combination in diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid micronodules.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in 99 patients(107 thyroid micro-solid nodules with diameters≤10.0 mm)who were treated at Baoji People's Hospital in Shaanxi Province from June 2021 to June 2023.All patients underwent two-dimensional high-frequency ultra-sound,ARFI-VTQ technology,and strain elastography to obtain ultrasound data scores and data.Using biopsy and surgical pathology as the diagnostic"gold standard",the diagnostic efficacy of the three ultrasound methods alone and their combination was compared for thyroid micro-nodules.Results A total of 62 patients(68 nodules)underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy(FNAB),and 37 patients(39 nodules)underwent surgery.Among 107 thyroid micro-nodules,45 were diagnosed as malignant,and 62 as benign.Significant differences were observed between malignant micro-nodules and benign micro-nodules in terms of internal echo(isoechoic and hyperechoic echo,very hypoe-choic and hypoechoic echo),boundary,microcalcification,aspect ratio＞1,blood supply,and re-sistance index(RI)of the artery(P＜0.05).When the critical value of the C-TIRADS score for diagnosing thyroid micro-nodules using two-dimensional high-frequency ultrasound was ≥ 2 points(C-TIRADS 4b),the diagnostic sensitivity was 73.33％,specificity was 79.03％,and the area under the curve(AUC)was 0.762[95％CI,0.670 to 0.839].In ARFI-VTQ technology,the SWV values ranged from 0.52 to 7.55 m/s,with an average of(2.62±0.61)m/s.The mean SWV of malignant micro-nodules was(5.24±2.23)m/s,which was higher than(2.11±0.70)m/s of be-nign micro-nodules(t=10.258,P＜0.05).When the critical SWV value was 3.19 m/s,the di-agnostic sensitivity was 77.78％,specificity was 80.65％,and the AUC(95％CI)was 0.792(95％CI,0.703 to 0.865).In strain elastography,when the critical score was ≥3,the diagnostic sensitivity was 75.56％,specificity was 77.42％,and the AUC(95％CI)was 0.765(95％CI,0.673 to 0.841).Combined detection of the three methods showed that there were 44 positive mi-cro-nodules,63 negative micro-nodules,the diagnostic sensitivity was 93.33％,specificity was 96.77％,and the AUC(95％CI)was 0.951(95％CI,0.891 to 0.983).There was statistical sig-nificance in the diagnostic efficacy of combined application compared with that of 2D high-frequency ultrasonography,ARFI-VTQ technology and strain-elasticity imaging alone(Z=4.861,4.393,4.842,P＜0.05).Conclusion The combination of two-dimensional high-frequency ultrasound,ARFI-VTQ technology,and strain elastography can improve the diagnostic accuracy of benign and malignant thyroid micro-nodules.

Objective To compare the value of two-dimensional high-frequency ultrasound,a-coustic pulsed radiant force imaging(ARFI)-acoustic palpation tissue quantification(VTQ)technolo-gy,and strain elastography alone and their combination in diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid micronodules.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in 99 patients(107 thyroid micro-solid nodules with diameters≤10.0 mm)who were treated at Baoji People's Hospital in Shaanxi Province from June 2021 to June 2023.All patients underwent two-dimensional high-frequency ultra-sound,ARFI-VTQ technology,and strain elastography to obtain ultrasound data scores and data.Using biopsy and surgical pathology as the diagnostic"gold standard",the diagnostic efficacy of the three ultrasound methods alone and their combination was compared for thyroid micro-nodules.Results A total of 62 patients(68 nodules)underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy(FNAB),and 37 patients(39 nodules)underwent surgery.Among 107 thyroid micro-nodules,45 were diagnosed as malignant,and 62 as benign.Significant differences were observed between malignant micro-nodules and benign micro-nodules in terms of internal echo(isoechoic and hyperechoic echo,very hypoe-choic and hypoechoic echo),boundary,microcalcification,aspect ratio＞1,blood supply,and re-sistance index(RI)of the artery(P＜0.05).When the critical value of the C-TIRADS score for diagnosing thyroid micro-nodules using two-dimensional high-frequency ultrasound was ≥ 2 points(C-TIRADS 4b),the diagnostic sensitivity was 73.33％,specificity was 79.03％,and the area under the curve(AUC)was 0.762[95％CI,0.670 to 0.839].In ARFI-VTQ technology,the SWV values ranged from 0.52 to 7.55 m/s,with an average of(2.62±0.61)m/s.The mean SWV of malignant micro-nodules was(5.24±2.23)m/s,which was higher than(2.11±0.70)m/s of be-nign micro-nodules(t=10.258,P＜0.05).When the critical SWV value was 3.19 m/s,the di-agnostic sensitivity was 77.78％,specificity was 80.65％,and the AUC(95％CI)was 0.792(95％CI,0.703 to 0.865).In strain elastography,when the critical score was ≥3,the diagnostic sensitivity was 75.56％,specificity was 77.42％,and the AUC(95％CI)was 0.765(95％CI,0.673 to 0.841).Combined detection of the three methods showed that there were 44 positive mi-cro-nodules,63 negative micro-nodules,the diagnostic sensitivity was 93.33％,specificity was 96.77％,and the AUC(95％CI)was 0.951(95％CI,0.891 to 0.983).There was statistical sig-nificance in the diagnostic efficacy of combined application compared with that of 2D high-frequency ultrasonography,ARFI-VTQ technology and strain-elasticity imaging alone(Z=4.861,4.393,4.842,P＜0.05).Conclusion The combination of two-dimensional high-frequency ultrasound,ARFI-VTQ technology,and strain elastography can improve the diagnostic accuracy of benign and malignant thyroid micro-nodules.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a traumatic disease that has transient impairment of consciousness and memory function after an external force to the head with basically normal neurological function and neuroimaging examination results. At present, research on mTBI is insufficient, resulting from early diagnosed difficulty of mTBI patients (due to mild clinical manifestations) and not suitable traditional diagnosis and treatment evaluation methods. This article reviews the research progress in the pathogenesis, auxiliary examinations, treatment principles and related diseases of mTBI, aiming to provide new theoretical basis for diagnosis and treatment of mTBI.

Objective:To observe and compare the efficacy and safety of glucosamine sulfate (GS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) in the treatment of adult Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), so as to provide effective medical evidence for the standardized treatment of adult KBD.Methods:A clinical randomized controlled trial was conducted in Fuyu County and Shangzhi City, KBD historical seriously ill areas in Heilongjiang Province. A total of 247 patients were selected according to the standard of "Diagnosis of Kashin-Beck Disease" (WS/T 207-2010). According to gender, age and KBD condition, they were randomly divided into GS and CS groups, 124 and 123 respectively. Follow up once a month to investigate the medication and clinical symptoms of patients, and distribute drugs for the next stage. Fasting blood and urine samples were collected before, during and at the end of treatment (0, 90 and 180 d). Serum interleukin (IL)-1β content and urine pyridine (PYD) level were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, affected joints, self-evaluation of curative effect and side effects were evaluated through the questionnaire, joint dysfunction and drug efficacy were evaluated according to the criteria of "Evaluation of Therapeutic Effect of Kashin-Beck Disease" (WS/T 79-2011).Results:Expression of cytokines related to cartilage metabolism: at 180 d of treatment, serum IL-1β contents and urinary PYD levels in GS and CS groups were lower than those at 0 d of treatment ( Z = - 2.461, - 2.160, - 5.075, - 5.471, P < 0.05). VAS score: at 90 and 180 d of treatment, the scores of knee pain, stiffness and function in GS and CS groups were lower than those at 0 d of treatment ( P < 0.05); and at 180 d of treatment, the scores of knee stiffness and function in GS group were lower than those in CS group ( P < 0.05). Evaluation of affected joints: at 90 and 180 d of treatment, the scores of joint pain, swelling and stiffness in GS and CS groups were lower than those at 0 d of treatment ( P < 0.05). Self-evaluation of curative effect: at 180 d of treatment, the self-evaluation of curative of CS group were better than that at 90 d of treatment (χ 2 = 9.376, P < 0.05). Evaluation of side effects: at 90 and 180 d of treatment, the side effects in GS and CS groups were mainly gastrointestinal symptoms. Joint dysfunction score: at 90 d of treatment, the sum of effective rate and markedly effective rate in GS group was higher than that in CS group (χ 2 = 4.042, P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups at 180 d of treatment (χ 2 = 0.869, P > 0.05). Conclusion:GS and CS have certain therapeutic effects on adult KBD, which can improve symptoms and reduce serum IL-1β content and urinary PYD level, but GS takes effects quickly, and its effect on improving joint stiffness and function are better than CS.

Objective:To observe and compare the therapeutic effects of glucosamine sulfate (GS) and diacerein (DCN) on adult Kashin-Beck disease (KBD).Methods:A clinical randomized controlled trial was conducted in the historical severe KBD areas Fanrong Township, Fulu Town, Long'anqiao Town, Lianghe Town, Shaowen Township of Heilongjiang Province, and 240 patients were selected according to the criteria of "Diagnosis of Kashin-Beck Disease" (WS/T 207-2010), then divided into GS and DCN groups (gender, age, and KBD condition balanced) via the random number table method, with 120 patients in each group. Followed up once a month to investigate the patient's medication and clinical symptoms, and distributed drugs for the next stage. Fasting blood samples and urine samples were collected before, during, and at the end of treatment (0, 90, and 180 days). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the serum interleukin (IL)-1β level and urine pyridinol (PYD) level. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores, evaluation of affected joints, self-evaluated efficacy, and evaluation of adverse reactions were carried out through questionnaires. Joint dysfunction scores and medications efficacy determination were performed according to the "Judgment of Kaschin-Beck Disease Treatment Effect" (WS/T 79-2011).Results:Expression of cytokines related to cartilage metabolism: after 180 days of treatment, serum IL-1β levels, urine PYD levels in GS group and urine PYD levels in DCN group were lower than those in the same group at 0 day of treatment ( Z = - 2.332, - 5.420, - 5.204, P < 0.05). VAS scores: after 90 days of treatment, the pain, stiffness scores of patients in GS group and the pain, stiffness, and function scores in DCN group were lower than those in the same group at 0 day of treatment ( Z = - 2.612, - 2.359, - 3.637, - 2.881, - 2.238, P < 0.05); after 180 days of treatment, the pain, stiffness and function scores of patients in GS and DCN groups were significantly lower than those of the same group at 0 day of treatment ( Z = - 6.738, - 9.530, - 7.781, - 5.428, - 3.761, - 3.587, P < 0.01). Evaluation of affected joints: after 90 and 180 days of treatment, except for pain of weather changes in DCN group, the scores of symptomatic joints in the two groups were lower than those at 0 day of treatment ( P < 0.05). Efficacy self-evaluation: after 180 days of treatment, the self-evaluated efficacy ratio of DCN group was higher than that of GS group and the same group after 90 days of treatment (χ 2 = 4.165, 4.022, P < 0.05). Evaluation of adverse reactions: after 90 and 180 days of treatment, the main adverse reactions of patients in GS and DCN groups were gastrointestinal symptoms. Joint dysfunction scores: after 90 days of treatment, the sum of the effective rate and the markedly effective rate of GS group was higher than that of DCN group (χ 2 = 4.993 , P < 0.05); while after the 180 days of treatment, there was no significant difference between the two groups (χ 2 = 0.417 , P > 0.05). Conclusions:Both GS and DCN have a certain therapeutic effect on adult KBD and can improve clinical symptoms. The GS takes effect quickly, and long-term use can protect cartilage from inflammatory factors to a certain extent.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of over-the-top reconstruction combined with the modified Lemaire technique in the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries with pivot-shift positive.Methods:From March 2020 to October 2021, a total of 46 patients with ACL injury and pivot-shift test grade II or above were admitted to Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University. There were 28 males and 18 females, aged 28.0±10.5 years (range, 15-45 years). All cases were unilateral, including 17 cases of left knee and 29 cases of right knee. The pivot-shift test showed that 30 cases were grade II and 16 cases were grade III, and the cause of injury was sports injury. The semitendinosus muscle and gracilis muscle were harvested, and the ACL was reconstructed with the over-the-top combined modified Lemaire technique. The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Lysholm score and KT-2000 side-to-side difference before and after operation were compared.Results:All patients successfully completed the operation and were followed up for 26.6±2.3 months (range, 24-28 months). The Lysholm scores of the patients at 3 months and 24 months after operation were 73.6±4.3 and 91.6±2.8, which were higher than those before operation (58.5±4.6), and the difference was statistically significant ( F=18.351, P<0.001). The IKDC scores of patients at 3 months and 24 months after operation were 59.0±2.0 and 91.8±3.2, respectively, which were higher than those before operation 50.3±2.8, and the difference was statistically significant ( F=17.290, P<0.001). The side-to-side difference of KT-2000 was 1.7±0.8 mm and 1.5±0.4 mm at 3 and 24 months after operation, respectively, which was lower than that before operation (5.9±1.1 mm), and the difference was statistically significant ( F=14.192, P<0.001). At 24 months after operation, 3 patients had pivot shift test grade I and 4 patients had Lachman test grade I, but they complained of good knee stability and did not receive further treatment. At the last follow-up, there were no complications such as incision and intra-articular infection, deep vein thrombosis, knee stiffness, quadriceps musculus ossificans myositis, and reconstruction ligament rupture. All patients returned to sports with an average time of 15.7±2.6 months (range, 12-24 months). Conclusion:Over-the-top reconstruction combined with the modified Lemaire technique for the treatment of ACL injury with positive pivot shift test effectively improves knee function and promotes the patient's return to sports, with a low incidence of surgical complications.